Question 1: Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. In nanotechnology, it is used for creating extremely small and reactive materials. Describe one property of Hydrogen that makes it useful in nanotechnology applications.

Answer: Hydrogen's small atomic size and high reactivity allow precise manipulation at the nanoscale.

Question 2: Explain the principle behind the test for Hydrogen gas using a lit splint.

Answer: Hydrogen produces a squeaky pop sound when a lit splint is introduced due to its flammability.

Question 3: What safety precautions should be taken when conducting the Hydrogen gas test in a laboratory?

Answer: Ensure proper ventilation, keep away from open flames, and conduct the test in a controlled environment.

Question 4: Calculate the volume of Hydrogen gas produced at standard temperature and pressure (STP) when 2 grams of aluminium reacts with excess hydrochloric acid. (Atomic mass of Al = 27 g/mol, HCl reacts with Al in a 3:2 molar ratio). Use the equation: 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂.

Answer: 0.67 m³

Question 5: In a nanotechnology experiment, Hydrogen gas is used to reduce metal ions to their metallic form. What is the role of Hydrogen in this process?

Answer: Hydrogen acts as a reducing agent, donating electrons to metal ions to produce metallic particles.

Question 6: Identify the key variables that need to be controlled when performing a Hydrogen gas test in a lab setting.

Answer: Temperature, pressure, and the presence of open flames or sparks.

Question 7: Describe a real-world industry application where Hydrogen's properties are utilised in nanotechnology or related fields.

Answer: Hydrogen is used in the production of nanostructured catalysts for fuel cells, enhancing efficiency and durability.

Question 8: Data Scenario: A sample of Hydrogen gas has a volume of 1.5 litres at room temperature and pressure. If the temperature increases while pressure remains constant, what is the expected effect on the volume of the gas? Explain your reasoning.

Answer: According to Charles's Law, if temperature increases at constant pressure, the volume of the gas will increase proportionally due to the direct relationship between temperature and volume.

Question 9: In the context of nanotechnology, what challenge might arise from Hydrogen's flammability and how can it be mitigated?

Answer: The flammability poses explosion risks; this can be mitigated by using proper ventilation, leak detection, and controlled environments.

Question 10: Explain why Hydrogen is considered a clean fuel in terms of environmental impact, especially in nanotechnology applications.

Answer: Hydrogen produces only water when combusted, resulting in zero carbon emissions, making it environmentally friendly.