Question 1: Define metallic bonding and explain how the structure of metals contributes to their high electrical conductivity.

Answer: Metallic bonding involves a lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. This structure allows electrons to move freely, enabling high electrical conductivity.

Question 2: Describe how the metallic structure allows metals to be malleable and ductile.

Answer: The metallic structure's delocalised electrons enable metal ions to slide past each other without breaking bonds, making metals malleable and ductile.

Question 3: Explain why metals are good conductors of heat and electricity from a structural perspective.

Answer: The delocalised electrons in metallic structures can transfer heat and electrical charge efficiently across the lattice, facilitating good conduction.

Question 4: In the context of environmental science, discuss how the structure of aluminium impacts its use in packaging and waste recycling.

Answer: Aluminium's metallic structure with delocalised electrons makes it lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and easily recyclable, reducing environmental impact through energy-efficient recycling processes.

Question 5: Calculate the number of free electrons per atom in a metallic element with an atomic number of 13 (Aluminium). Assume each atom contributes one free electron.

Answer: 3

Question 6: Which of the following metals is most likely to contribute to environmental pollution due to its high electrical conductivity? A) Copper B) Gold C) Aluminium D) Iron

Answer: Copper

Question 7: Fill in the blank: The 'sea' of ________ electrons in metallic bonding allows metals to be shaped and deformed without breaking.

Answer: delocalised

Question 8: Identify one environmental benefit of recycling metals that relies on their metallic structure.

Answer: Recycling metals conserves natural resources and reduces energy consumption because the metallic structure allows metals to be melted and reformed efficiently.

Question 9: Describe a theoretical experiment to test the malleability of a metal and discuss safety precautions that should be taken.

Answer: The experiment involves applying force to a metal sample using a press or hammer to observe deformation. Safety precautions include wearing safety goggles, gloves, and working on a stable surface to prevent injury from metal fragments or equipment failure.

Question 10: Using your knowledge of metallic structure, analyse how the presence of impurities can affect the environmental recyclability of metals.

Answer: Impurities can disrupt the metallic lattice, reducing malleability and making recycling more difficult or less efficient. This can lead to increased energy use and waste, negatively impacting environmental sustainability.