Question 1: Group 1 elements, also known as Alkali Metals, are highly reactive metals found in the first column of the periodic table. They have one electron in their outermost shell, which they readily lose to form positive ions. This reactivity increases down the group.

Answer: Alkali Metals are highly reactive metals with one electron in their outer shell, increasing in reactivity down the group.

Question 1: Define an Alkali Metal and give two examples.

Answer: An Alkali Metal is a soft, highly reactive metal in Group 1 with one electron in its outer shell; examples include Lithium and Sodium.

Question 2: Explain why Alkali Metals are stored under oil.

Answer: Because they are highly reactive with water and air, storing them under oil prevents oxidation and reaction with moisture.

Question 3: Describe the trend in reactivity of Group 1 metals as you move down the group.

Answer: Reactivity increases down the group because the outer electron is more easily lost due to increased atomic size and electron shielding.

Question 1: Calculate the number of moles in 11.2 grams of Lithium (Li), given that the molar mass of Lithium is 6.94 g/mol.

Answer: Number of moles = 11.2 ÷ 6.94 ≈ 1.61 mol

Question 2: If 2 moles of Sodium react with excess water, how many grams of Hydrogen gas (H2) are produced? (Molar mass of H2 = 2.02 g/mol).

Answer: Mass of H2 = 2 mol × 2.02 g/mol = 4.04 g

Question 1: Describe a safe method to cut Lithium metal for a laboratory experiment, including safety precautions.

Answer: Lithium should be cut using a dry, protected blade under inert atmosphere or in a fume cupboard, wearing safety goggles and gloves to prevent contact with moisture and prevent fire hazards.

Question 2: Identify two variables that need to be controlled when reacting Alkali Metals with water in a practical experiment.

Answer: Variables to control include the temperature of the water and the amount of metal used.

Question 1: A series of reactions show that Lithium reacts slowly with water, while Potassium reacts rapidly. Explain the scientific reason for this difference.

Answer: Reactivity increases down the group because the outer electron is more easily lost due to increased atomic size and shielding, making Potassium more reactive than Lithium.

Question 1: Describe the reactions of Alkali Metals with water, oxygen, and chlorine. Include the products formed and the observations you would expect during each reaction. (6 marks)

Answer: Alkali Metals react vigorously with water to produce hydroxides and hydrogen gas, often with bubbling and heat. With oxygen, they form oxides or peroxides, resulting in a dull oxide layer. Reacting with chlorine produces metal chlorides, which are usually white or colourless solids, and the reaction is exothermic.

Question 1: Explain how Lithium is used in rechargeable batteries and why its properties make it suitable for this application.

Answer: Lithium's high reactivity, light weight, and ability to store and release energy efficiently make it ideal for rechargeable batteries used in portable electronics and electric vehicles.