Question 1: Metals are elements that typically have high electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility, whereas non-metals generally lack these properties and are insulators. The periodic table groups metals on the left and centre, and non-metals on the right.

Answer: Metals conduct electricity, are malleable, ductile; non-metals are insulators and lack these properties.

Question 1: Define what is meant by a 'metalloid' in the context of the periodic table.

Answer: A metalloid is an element that has properties intermediate between metals and non-metals.

Question 2: Explain why metals are generally found on the left side of the periodic table.

Answer: Metals are on the left side because they tend to lose electrons easily, forming positive ions, due to their atomic structure.

Question 1: Calculate the number of neutrons in an isotope of Aluminium-27. (Atomic number of Aluminium = 13, atomic mass = 27 u).

Answer: Neutrons = Atomic mass - Atomic number = 27 - 13 = 14 neutrons.

Question 2: A sample contains 2.5 grams of Sulphur-32. Calculate the number of atoms present in this sample. (Atomic mass of Sulphur = 32 u, Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 10^23 mol^-1).

Answer: Number of moles = mass / molar mass = 2.5 g / 32 g/mol = 0.078125 mol. Number of atoms = moles x Avogadro's number = 0.078125 x 6.022 x 10^23 ≈ 4.71 x 10^22 atoms.

Question 1: Describe a safe method to test whether a sample of a metal is a good conductor of electricity.

Answer: Set up a circuit with the metal sample connected to a power source and a light bulb. If the bulb lights up, the metal conducts electricity. Ensure safety precautions such as wearing gloves and using insulated wires.

Question 2: Identify two variables that should be controlled in an experiment testing the electrical conductivity of different metals.

Answer: Variables to control include the temperature of the environment and the size/shape of the metal samples.

Question 1: A scientist measures the melting points of three elements: Element A (metalloid) at 850°C, Element B (metal) at 660°C, and Element C (non-metal) at -115°C. Explain how melting points can indicate the type of element.

Answer: Metals generally have high melting points, non-metals have low or negative melting points, and metalloids have intermediate values. These differences reflect their bonding and atomic structure.

Question 1: Describe the key differences between metals and non-metals in terms of their atomic structure, properties, and typical uses. (6 marks)

Answer: Metals have a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons, which makes them good conductors, malleable, and ductile. They are typically solid at room temperature and used in construction, electrical wiring, and machinery. Non-metals have more varied structures, often form covalent bonds, and are insulators with properties like brittleness and low melting points; they are used in insulation, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Question 1: Explain why aluminium is used extensively in the packaging industry, considering its properties related to metals.

Answer: Aluminium is lightweight, malleable, resistant to corrosion, and a good conductor of heat and electricity, making it ideal for packaging and containers.

Question 2: Identify a non-metal element used in electronics and describe its significance.

Answer: Sulphur is used in certain electronic components; however, more common non-metals include silicon, which is critical in semiconductors for its insulating and conductive properties.