Question 1: Define the term 'atmospheric pollutant'.

Answer: A substance in the atmosphere that has harmful or poisonous effects on living organisms or the environment.

Question 2: Explain how nitrogen oxides (NOx) contribute to the formation of acid rain.

Answer: Nitrogen oxides react with water vapour in the atmosphere to form nitric acid, which falls as acid rain, damaging ecosystems and buildings.

Question 3: What is the primary source of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) in the atmosphere?

Answer: Burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil in power stations and industrial processes.

Question 1: A sample of air contains 0.045 grams of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in 1 cubic metre of air. Calculate its concentration in parts per million (ppm). (Molar mass of NO₂ = 46 g/mol, 1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm³ at room temperature).

Answer: The concentration is approximately 41 ppm.

Question 1: Describe a simple experimental method to test the effectiveness of a charcoal filter in removing particulate matter from polluted air. Include variables to control and safety precautions.

Answer: See full answer key

Question 1: In a city, measurements over a week showed that sulphur dioxide levels ranged from 20 to 60 parts per billion (ppb), with higher values during colder days. What can be inferred about the relationship between weather and SO₂ levels?

Answer: Lower temperatures and increased combustion during colder days likely increase SO₂ emissions, causing higher pollutant levels.

Question 1: Explain the environmental and health impacts of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere. (6 marks)

Answer: See full answer key

Question 2: Describe two methods used to reduce atmospheric pollution from vehicles.

Answer: Catalytic converters and the promotion of electric vehicles.

Question 1: How can the use of scrubbers in power stations help reduce atmospheric pollution? Briefly explain.

Answer: Scrubbers remove sulphur dioxide from flue gases before they are released into the atmosphere, reducing acid rain and pollution.

Question 2: Suggest one technological advancement that could further reduce atmospheric pollutants in the future.

Answer: Development of cleaner renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.