Question 1: Define particulates in the context of air pollution.

Answer: Particulates are tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air, which can originate from various sources like vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural events.

Question 2: Explain how particulate matter can affect human health.

Answer: Particulate matter can be inhaled into the lungs, causing respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, and aggravating existing health conditions.

Question 1: Name two natural sources of particulates in the atmosphere.

Answer: Volcanic eruptions and wildfires.

Question 2: Describe the process by which vehicle emissions contribute to particulate pollution.

Answer: Vehicles emit exhaust gases containing unburned fuel particles and soot. Combustion of fuel produces solid particles like carbon soot, which become suspended in the air as particulates.

Question 1: In a study measuring particulate matter (PM10) concentrations over a week, the following average values (in µg/m³) were recorded: Monday - 45, Tuesday - 55, Wednesday - 60, Thursday - 50, Friday - 65. What is the range of the data?

Answer: The range is 65 - 45 = 20 µg/m³.

Question 2: Based on the data, on which day was particulate pollution highest, and what might be a possible reason?

Answer: Friday had the highest particulate concentration, possibly due to increased vehicular traffic or industrial activity.

Question 1: Describe a simple experimental method to measure the concentration of particulates in the air.

Answer: Use a portable air quality monitor or a filter method where air is drawn through a filter paper. The filter is then weighed before and after sampling to determine particulate accumulation, which indicates concentration.

Question 2: Identify two safety precautions that should be taken when handling equipment used for measuring particulates.

Answer: Wear protective gloves and a face mask to avoid inhaling or contacting harmful particles.

Question 1: Explain how particulate filters in vehicles help reduce air pollution.

Answer: Particulate filters trap soot and other solid particles from exhaust gases, preventing them from being released into the atmosphere, thus reducing pollution and health risks.

Question 2: Discuss one technological development aimed at reducing particulate emissions in industry.

Answer: The implementation of electrostatic precipitators in factories removes particulate matter from exhaust gases by charging particles and collecting them on oppositely charged plates, significantly lowering emissions.