Question 1: Particulates are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere. They originate from various natural and human sources and can have significant effects on air quality and health.

Answer: Particulates are small solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, originating from natural sources like dust and volcanic ash, or human activities such as combustion and industrial processes.

Question 1: Define 'particulates' in the context of atmospheric pollution.

Answer: Particulates are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air that can originate from natural sources or human activities.

Question 2: Explain how combustion processes contribute to the formation of particulates.

Answer: Combustion processes, such as burning fossil fuels, produce particulates by releasing unburned carbon particles, soot, and ash into the atmosphere, especially when combustion is incomplete. These particles can vary in size and composition, affecting air quality and health.

Question 3: Identify two natural sources of particulates.

Answer: Dust from the soil and volcanic ash are natural sources of particulates.

Question 1: A sample of air contains 150 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre. Calculate the mass of particulates in 2 cubic metres of air. (Remember to convert micrograms to grams; 1 gram = 1,000,000 micrograms.)

Answer: 0.0003 grams

Question 1: Describe a simple laboratory method to analyse the concentration of particulates in air samples. Include the key variables and safety precautions.

Answer: One common method is using a filter sampler where air is drawn through a filter paper to trap particulates. The filter is then weighed before and after sampling to determine the particulate mass. Variables include airflow rate, sampling duration, and environmental conditions. Safety precautions involve wearing protective gloves and masks to avoid inhaling harmful particles, and ensuring proper handling of equipment.

Question 1: A city reports an increase in particulate levels from 50 micrograms/m³ to 120 micrograms/m³ over a month. Discuss the possible causes and implications for public health.

Answer: The increase may be due to higher traffic emissions, industrial activity, or weather conditions such as less rainfall. Elevated particulate levels can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, and decreased air quality, posing health risks especially to vulnerable populations.

Question 1: Explain why particulates are considered a major component of air pollution and describe two health effects associated with inhaling fine particulates.

Answer: Particulates are major air pollutants because they can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, causing health problems. Two effects include respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, and cardiovascular issues like increased risk of heart attacks.

Question 2: Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a natural source of particulates?

Answer: Vehicle exhaust

Question 1: Describe how modern industrial processes can reduce particulate emissions. Include at least two strategies.

Answer: Industries can install electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates from exhaust gases and use cleaner fuel technologies to minimise particulate formation. Additionally, implementing stricter emission standards and using filtration systems can further reduce particulate pollution.