Question 1: Define 'particulates' in the context of atmospheric pollution.

Answer: Particulates are tiny solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air, resulting from combustion, industrial processes, and natural sources.

Question 2: Explain why particulates are a concern for human health and the environment.

Answer: Particulates can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and can also damage ecosystems and reduce air quality.

Question 1: Describe two common methods used to detect and measure particulates in the atmosphere.

Answer: Methods include gravimetric analysis, where filters collect particulates and are weighed, and optical particle counters, which use light scattering to count and size particles.

Question 2: Identify and explain two variables that can affect the accuracy of particulate measurement.

Answer: Variables include the wind speed, which can influence particle dispersion, and the calibration of measurement devices, which affects the accuracy of readings.

Question 1: A filter collected 0.5 grams of particulates over an area of 1000 cm² in 24 hours. Calculate the concentration in micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m³), assuming a total air volume of 1000 m³ passed through the filter during this period. Use the formula: Concentration = (Mass of particulates in μg) / (Volume of air in m³).

Answer: 500 μg/m³

Question 1: Outline a basic experimental setup to collect particulate samples from the air in a laboratory or outdoor environment.

Answer: Use a high-volume air sampler equipped with a filter paper placed at the sampling point. Ensure the device is secured to prevent accidental dislodgement, and wear appropriate PPE such as masks, gloves, and eye protection. Record environmental conditions like wind speed and temperature.

Question 2: List three safety precautions to take when handling and analysing particulate samples.

Answer: Wear PPE including masks and gloves, work in a well-ventilated area, and handle samples with care to prevent inhalation or spillage.

Question 1: A city monitor reports particulate concentrations of 150 μg/m³, 200 μg/m³, and 180 μg/m³ over three consecutive days. Based on this data, discuss possible sources and reasons for fluctuations in particulate levels.

Answer: Fluctuations may be due to variations in traffic, industrial activity, weather conditions like wind or rain dispersing or settling particles, and seasonal changes affecting pollution levels.

Question 1: Describe how industries can reduce particulate emissions in their operations.

Answer: Industries can install filtration systems, switch to cleaner fuels, implement pollution control technologies, and regularly maintain equipment to reduce particulates released into the air.

Question 2: Explain how government policies might help decrease particulate pollution in urban areas.

Answer: Policies such as emission standards, pollution taxes, promoting public transportation, and restricting industrial emissions can help lower particulate levels.