Question 1: Define addition polymerisation and explain how it differs from other types of polymerisation.

Answer: Addition polymerisation is a process where monomers with double bonds add together to form long chains without losing any atoms. It differs from condensation polymerisation, which involves the loss of small molecules like water.

Question 2: Describe a common polymer formed by addition polymerisation that is used in space suits or spacecraft components.

Answer: Polyethylene is a common polymer formed by addition polymerisation, used in space suits and insulation because of its durability and insulating properties.

Question 3: What is the role of catalysts in addition polymerisation reactions?

Answer: Catalysts speed up the addition polymerisation process by lowering the activation energy, allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly without being consumed.

Question 1: Outline the basic mechanism of addition polymerisation starting from monomer to polymer formation.

Answer: The mechanism involves the initiation where a catalyst or heat creates free radicals, the propagation where monomers add to form long chains, and termination where chains stop growing.

Question 2: List two safety precautions scientists should follow when synthesizing polymers for space use.

Answer: Wearing protective gloves and goggles to prevent chemical exposure, and working in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhaling fumes.

Question 3: Explain why control of reaction conditions is important in space polymer manufacturing.

Answer: Controlling temperature, pressure, and catalysts ensures the polymer has the desired properties, such as strength and flexibility, which are critical for space applications.

Question 1: If 100 grams of ethene (C2H4) undergoes addition polymerisation to produce polyethylene, how many moles of ethene are used? (Molar mass of C2H4 = 28 g/mol)

Answer: Number of moles = mass / molar mass = 100 g / 28 g/mol = approximately 3.57 mol

Question 2: A space probe requires a polymer insulation with a thickness of 2 mm and a density of 0.95 g/cm³. Calculate the volume of polymer needed to cover a spherical component with a surface area of 1000 cm².

Answer: Volume = surface area × thickness = 1000 cm² × 0.2 cm = 200 cm³

Question 3: In a space experiment, a polymer sample shows a 5% weight loss after exposure to radiation over a month. What does this indicate about the polymer’s suitability for space conditions?

Answer: It indicates the polymer has some resistance to radiation but may need enhancement for long-term space use, as some degradation occurs.

Question 1: Describe two advantages of using polymers like polyethylene or polycarbonate in spacecraft insulation and protection.

Answer: Polymers are lightweight, which reduces launch costs, and they have excellent insulating properties, protecting equipment from extreme temperatures.

Question 2: Explain how the properties of addition polymers make them suitable for use in space suits or habitat components.

Answer: Addition polymers like polyethylene and polycarbonate are durable, resistant to chemicals and radiation, and have good flexibility and strength. These properties ensure they can withstand the harsh conditions of space, provide insulation, and contribute to the safety and comfort of astronauts.

Question 3: Considering environmental concerns, discuss how the recycling of addition polymers can be integrated into space missions.

Answer: Recycling polymers in space can reduce waste and the need to send additional materials from Earth. Technologies like melting and reforming used polymers can be adapted for space, allowing reuse in manufacturing or repair of spacecraft components, promoting sustainability and resource efficiency.