Question 1: Define a chemical formulation and explain its importance in industry.

Answer: A chemical formulation is a precise recipe of ingredients used to produce a specific product, ensuring consistent quality and purity. It is important for safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance.

Question 2: Describe how impurities affect the purity of a chemical sample.

Answer: Impurities are unwanted substances within a chemical sample that reduce its purity, potentially affecting its properties, effectiveness, and safety.

Question 1: A formulation contains 50 g of active ingredient in a total volume of 1 litre. Calculate the concentration in g/L.

Answer: 50 g/L

Question 2: A sample of a purified chemical has a mass of 250 g, but contains 5 g of impurities. What is the percentage purity of the sample?

Answer: 97%

Question 1: Outline the main safety precautions that should be observed when preparing chemical formulations in a laboratory setting.

Answer: Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, working in a well-ventilated area, handling chemicals carefully, and following correct disposal procedures.

Question 2: Identify two variables that could affect the accuracy of a formulation experiment and explain how they might impact the results.

Answer: Variables such as measurement accuracy and temperature can affect results. Inaccurate measurements may lead to incorrect proportions, while temperature variations can influence reaction rates and solubility.

Question 1: A sample of a pharmaceutical formulation was analysed, revealing 150 g of active ingredient and 2 g of impurities in a total mass of 152 g. What is the purity percentage of the active ingredient?

Answer: 98.68%

Question 2: A chemical supplier reports a formulation with 99% purity. If a batch weighs 500 kg, how much pure chemical is present in the batch?

Answer: 495 kg

Question 1: Explain why formulations are critical in the manufacturing of medicines, including potential consequences of incorrect formulations.

Answer: Formulations ensure the correct dosage and stability of medicines, maintaining efficacy and safety. Incorrect formulations can lead to ineffective treatment, adverse effects, or toxicity, and may compromise regulatory approval.

Question 2: Identify a common industry application of formulations outside pharmaceuticals and describe its significance.

Answer: In the paint industry, formulations are used to produce consistent colours and properties, ensuring quality and performance in different batches.