Question 1: Define a formulation in the context of chemistry.

Answer: A formulation is a specific mixture of chemicals prepared in a precise ratio to achieve a desired property or function.

Question 2: Explain why purity is important in chemical formulations.

Answer: Purity is important because impurities can affect the effectiveness, safety, and quality of the formulation.

Question 1: A formulation contains 250 g of active ingredient and 750 g of excipient. What is the percentage by mass of the active ingredient in the formulation?

Answer: 33.33%

Question 2: Calculate the amount of a 10% salt solution needed to prepare 500 mL of a 2% salt solution. (Use C1V1 = C2V2)

Answer: 100 mL

Question 1: Describe a safe method for weighing out chemicals accurately for a formulation.

Answer: Use a calibrated balance, tare the container, handle chemicals with appropriate equipment, and avoid inhalation or spillage.

Question 2: Identify two variables that need to be controlled when preparing a chemical formulation.

Answer: Temperature and measurement accuracy.

Question 1: A sample of a formulated medicine shows a 5% impurity level by mass. Discuss how this impurity might affect the medicine's efficacy and safety.

Answer: Impurities can reduce the medicine's effectiveness, cause adverse side effects, and compromise safety by interacting unpredictably with the active ingredients or the patient.

Question 1: Explain how the formulation of shampoo ensures it cleans effectively while being gentle on the skin and hair.

Answer: Formulations balance surfactants for cleaning with conditioners and pH adjusters, ensuring effectiveness without causing irritation or damage.

Question 2: Describe a scenario where a formulation's purity is critical in the food industry.

Answer: In food preservation, high purity ingredients prevent contamination and ensure safety and shelf life.