Question 1: Define a carboxylic acid and provide its general chemical formula.

Answer: A carboxylic acid is an organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH). Its general formula is R-COOH, where R is a hydrocarbon chain.

Question 2: Explain the mechanism by which carboxylic acids react with bases to form salts.

Answer: Carboxylic acids react with bases in a neutralization reaction, where the hydrogen ion (H+) from the acid's carboxyl group reacts with hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base to form water and a carboxylate salt.

Question 3: What safety precautions should be taken when handling concentrated carboxylic acids in the laboratory?

Answer: Wear protective gloves, goggles, and lab coats; work in a well-ventilated area; avoid inhaling vapors; and handle with care to prevent spills and skin contact.

Question 1: Calculate the molar mass of acetic acid (CH3COOH). (Atomic masses: C=12, H=1, O=16)

Answer: 60 g/mol

Question 2: If 0.5 mol of acetic acid is dissolved in water to make 1 liter of solution, what is its concentration in molarity?

Answer: 0.5 M

Question 3: A sample contains 10 grams of butanoic acid (C4H8O2). Calculate the number of moles present.

Answer: 0.107 mol

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate how carboxylic acids react with sodium bicarbonate. Include safety precautions.

Answer: Add a small amount of the carboxylic acid to sodium bicarbonate solution in a test tube. Observe the formation of carbon dioxide gas bubbles. Safety precautions include wearing goggles and gloves, working in a well-ventilated area, and handling acids carefully.

Question 2: Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, and control in the reaction between a carboxylic acid and a base.

Answer: Independent variable: Type of acid or base used; Dependent variable: Amount of gas produced or pH change; Control variables: Temperature, concentration, and volume of reactants.

Question 1: A sample of a carboxylic acid has a pH of 2.5 in a 0.1 M solution. What does this indicate about its acidity compared to a solution with pH 7?

Answer: A pH of 2.5 indicates the solution is strongly acidic, much more acidic than neutral pH 7.

Question 2: In a reaction, 25 mL of a 0.2 M carboxylic acid reacts completely with 20 mL of a 0.3 M sodium hydroxide solution. Determine which reactant is in excess and by how much.

Answer: Moles of acid = 0.2 mol/L * 0.025 L = 0.005 mol; Moles of base = 0.3 mol/L * 0.020 L = 0.006 mol. Since base moles > acid moles, base is in excess by 0.001 mol.

Question 1: Name a common household product that contains a carboxylic acid and describe its use.

Answer: Vinegar contains acetic acid, which is used as a food preservative and flavoring agent.

Question 2: Discuss how carboxylic acids are used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals or plastics.

Answer: Carboxylic acids like salicylic acid are used in the production of medicines such as aspirin. They are also key in manufacturing polymers like polyesters, which are used in textiles and packaging materials.