Question 1: Define the Particle Model of matter in your own words.

Answer: The Particle Model of matter suggests that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion, with properties determined by the type of particles, their arrangement, and their energy.

Question 2: Explain how the arrangement of particles differs between solids, liquids, and gases.

Answer: In solids, particles are tightly packed in a fixed, regular arrangement; in liquids, particles are close but can move past each other; in gases, particles are widely spaced and move freely.

Question 1: Calculate the number of particles in 2 mol of sulphur atoms. (Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 10²³ particles/mol)

Answer: 1.2044 x 10^24 particles

Question 2: A sample of aluminium has a mass of 27 grams. Calculate the number of atoms in this sample. (Atomic mass of aluminium = 26.98 g/mol)

Answer: 6.02 x 10^23 atoms

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate the difference in particle arrangement between a solid and a liquid.

Answer: One experiment involves observing the flow of a solid block versus a liquid poured from a container; solids do not flow freely due to fixed particles, while liquids flow easily because particles are free to move.

Question 2: List two safety precautions that should be observed when heating chemicals in a laboratory setting.

Answer: Wear safety goggles and use a heat-resistant mat to prevent burns or accidents.

Question 1: A scientist measures the temperature of a gas and notes that as temperature increases, the particles move faster. Explain this observation using the Particle Model.

Answer: According to the Particle Model, increasing temperature adds energy to the particles, causing them to move faster and with greater kinetic energy.

Question 2: A gas sample contains 3.0 x 10^23 particles at a temperature of 300K. Predict what will happen to the particle speed if the temperature is increased to 600K, assuming pressure remains constant.

Answer: The average particle speed will increase because higher temperature results in higher kinetic energy and faster-moving particles.

Question 1: Explain how the Particle Model helps in understanding the process of boiling water.

Answer: The Particle Model explains that heat energy increases the energy of water particles, causing them to move faster until they have enough energy to escape as vapour during boiling.

Question 2: In the manufacturing industry, why is understanding the Particle Model important when designing chemical processes involving gases?

Answer: Understanding the Particle Model allows engineers to predict gas behaviour, control reactions, and optimise conditions like pressure and temperature for safety and efficiency.