Question 1: Define a 'programmable component' in the context of electronic systems. Explain its significance in modern product design.

Answer: A programmable component is an electronic device that can be configured or programmed to perform specific functions or tasks. Its significance lies in its flexibility, allowing designers to customize functionality without changing hardware, enabling complex and adaptable systems.

Question 2: Describe how a microcontroller differs from a simple switch in a circuit. Include at least two key differences.

Answer: A microcontroller is a small computer that can process data and execute programmed instructions, while a simple switch only opens or closes a circuit to control current flow. Key differences include: microcontrollers can run complex software and respond to inputs automatically, whereas switches require manual operation; microcontrollers can control multiple outputs, unlike a simple switch.

Question 3: Design Brief: You are tasked with creating a smart lighting system that turns on automatically when it gets dark. Describe the key programmable component you would use and outline its role in the system.

Answer: I would use a light-dependent resistor (LDR) connected to a microcontroller. The LDR detects changes in ambient light levels and sends signals to the microcontroller, which then switches the lighting on or off based on programmed threshold values.

Question 4: Sketch a simple circuit diagram that includes a microcontroller, a sensor, and an output device such as an LED. Label all components clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch should show a microcontroller connected to a sensor (e.g., an LDR) and an LED. The sensor connects to an input pin on the microcontroller, and the LED connects to an output pin with a resistor. Wiring should be clear, with labels indicating each component.

Question 5: Explain the purpose of a programming language in configuring a microcontroller. Give an example of a common language used.

Answer: A programming language provides the instructions that tell the microcontroller how to perform specific tasks. It enables the user to write code that controls inputs and outputs. An example of a common language is Arduino C/C++.

Question 6: Identify two advantages of using programmable components over fixed-function components in product design.

Answer: Advantages include: (1) Flexibility to modify functions through programming without changing hardware, and (2) Ability to create complex, multi-functional systems that can be updated or reprogrammed as needed.

Question 7: Describe a real-world application where programmable components improve functionality. Include the type of component used.

Answer: One example is a home security system that uses microcontrollers to process inputs from sensors (motion, door sensors) and control outputs like alarms or cameras. The microcontroller allows the system to be customized and respond automatically to different events.

Question 8: Plan a simple user interface for a programmable thermostat that displays temperature and allows users to set a desired temperature. Sketch the layout and label key features.

Answer: A suitable sketch should include a display screen showing current temperature, buttons or dials for setting the desired temperature, and possibly indicators for system status. Labels should identify each feature clearly, with a logical arrangement for ease of use.

Question 9: What safety considerations should be taken into account when designing systems with programmable components? List two and explain.

Answer: Safety considerations include: (1) Ensuring proper insulation and grounding to prevent electrical shocks, and (2) Incorporating fail-safes or emergency shut-off features to prevent system malfunctions from causing harm or damage.

Question 10: Outline the steps involved in programming a microcontroller for a simple task, such as turning on an LED when a button is pressed.

Answer: Steps include: (1) Connect the microcontroller to the button and LED with appropriate wiring, (2) Write a program that reads the button input, (3) Include a conditional statement to check if the button is pressed, (4) If pressed, activate the output to turn on the LED, (5) Upload the program to the microcontroller, (6) Test the system to ensure functionality.