Question 1: Define a smart material and explain how it differs from traditional materials.

Answer: A smart material is a material that can change its properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, or pressure. Unlike traditional materials, smart materials can adapt or respond automatically without external intervention.

Question 2: Describe two common types of smart materials and their typical applications.

Answer: Shape memory alloys (SMAs) which return to a pre-defined shape when heated, used in medical devices and actuators. Thermochromic materials that change color with temperature, used in temperature indicators and novelty products.

Question 3: A company wants to develop a sportswear fabric that changes colour with body temperature. Which type of smart material would be most suitable? Explain why.

Answer: Thermochromic materials would be most suitable because they change colour in response to temperature changes, making the fabric visually respond to body heat.

Question 4: Sketch a simple design for a window that automatically opens when it gets hot using a smart material. Label the key parts.

Answer: A sketch should include a window frame, a section of thermochromic or shape memory alloy that reacts to heat, and a support mechanism. Labels should identify the smart material component, the window frame, and the external environment.

Question 5: Explain how a shape memory alloy can be used in a self-activating door latch.

Answer: A shape memory alloy can be embedded in the latch mechanism so that when it heats up (e.g., due to a specific trigger), it changes shape and releases the latch, allowing the door to open automatically.

Question 6: Design Brief: You need to create a temperature-sensitive clothing accessory that changes colour when the wearer is hot or cold. Outline your plan and specify which smart material you would use.

Answer: The accessory will be made from thermochromic fabric or coating that changes colour based on temperature. The design includes a simple bracelet or badge that displays different colours for hot and cold states. The plan involves sourcing thermochromic material, designing the shape, and ensuring the fabric is comfortable and durable.

Question 7: Draw a cross-sectional diagram of a smart window that uses a thermochromic film to adjust transparency. Label the key layers and explain their functions.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a window with an outer glass panel, a layer of thermochromic film inside, and an inner glass panel. Labels should identify the external glass, thermochromic layer, and internal glass. The thermochromic layer changes its transparency in response to temperature.

Question 8: Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of using smart materials in everyday products.

Answer: Advantages: They can adapt to environmental changes, reducing the need for manual adjustments; they can improve safety and efficiency. Disadvantages: They can be expensive to produce; their long-term durability and reliability can be uncertain.