Question 1: Explain what a microcontroller is and how it differs from a simple switch in a system.

Answer: A microcontroller is a small computer on a single chip that can be programmed to control other components. Unlike a simple switch, which only opens or closes a circuit manually, a microcontroller can process input signals and control outputs automatically based on programming.

Question 2: Describe a real-world example where a programmable component is used in a household item. Explain how it improves functionality.

Answer: An example is a washing machine with a programmable timer and sensors. It automatically controls the cycle duration and water levels, making washing more efficient and user-friendly.

Question 3: Draw a simple block diagram of a system that uses a microcontroller, a sensor, and an actuator. Label each component clearly.

Answer: A block diagram with three blocks labeled 'Sensor,' 'Microcontroller,' and 'Actuator,' connected with arrows indicating the flow of signals from sensor to microcontroller, and from microcontroller to actuator.

Question 4: Design a basic plan for a programmable night light that turns on when it detects darkness. Include the main components you would use.

Answer: The plan should include a light sensor (photocell), a microcontroller, and a power source. The microcontroller receives input from the sensor and switches the light on or off accordingly.

Question 5: Sketch a simple schematic of an electronic circuit that uses a programmable component to turn on an LED when a button is pressed.

Answer: A schematic with a microcontroller connected to a push button and an LED, with the circuit completing through a power supply. The microcontroller is programmed to turn on the LED when the button is pressed.

Question 6: Discuss the advantages of using programmable components in modern systems compared to purely mechanical systems.

Answer: Programmable components allow for automation, increased precision, flexibility, and the ability to easily update or change functions without changing hardware. Mechanical systems often require manual operation and are less adaptable.

Question 7: Identify two safety considerations when working with programmable electronic components.

Answer: Ensuring correct insulation and grounding to prevent electric shocks, and avoiding static discharge that can damage sensitive components.

Question 8: Propose a simple project where students could use a programmable component to solve a specific problem. Include the problem and a brief outline of the solution.

Answer: Problem: A door that automatically opens when someone approaches. Solution: Use a PIR sensor connected to a microcontroller, which then activates a motor to open the door.

Question 9: Explain how an LED can be used as an indicator in a system controlled by a programmable component.

Answer: An LED can be programmed to turn on or off based on certain conditions, such as indicating power status, fault detection, or successful operation, providing visual feedback.

Question 10: Create a labelled flowchart showing the steps a programmable system would take to respond to a temperature change and activate a cooling fan.

Answer: Flowchart: 1. Read temperature sensor data. 2. Is temperature above threshold? Yes -> activate fan. 3. If below threshold -> turn off fan. 4. Repeat cycle.