Question 1: Describe the process of hydraulic action and explain how it contributes to coastal erosion.

Answer: Hydraulic action occurs when the force of moving water compresses air into cracks in the rock, causing the rock to break apart over time. It contributes to coastal erosion by gradually enlarging cracks and breaking down cliffs.

Question 2: Identify and explain two types of coastal landforms created by erosion.

Answer: Two landforms created by erosion are headlands and caves. Headlands are formed when softer rock erodes faster than harder rock, leaving protruding cliffs. Caves form when waves exploit weaknesses in the rock, enlarging cracks into hollow spaces.

Question 3: Explain the difference between a wave-cut platform and a wave-built beach.

Answer: A wave-cut platform is a flat, rocky area formed at the base of a cliff due to erosion, visible at low tide. A wave-built beach is a gently sloping area of deposited sand or pebbles created by the accumulation of sediments over time.

Question 4: Describe how a spit is formed and give an example of a coastal environment where it might be found.

Answer: A spit forms when longshore drift transports sediments along the coast, which then accumulates in a sheltered area, creating a narrow landform extending into the sea. Spits are often found along bays or estuaries.

Question 5: Sketch a diagram of a typical wave-cut notch and explain its formation.

Answer: A correct sketch shows a cliff with a concave indentation at the base, representing the wave-cut notch. The formation involves wave erosion at the base of the cliff, undercutting the rock and creating a notch, which can lead to the collapse of the cliff face.

Question 6: Identify three factors that influence the rate of coastal erosion.

Answer: Factors include the type of rock (softer rocks erode faster), the strength and frequency of waves, and the presence of protective features like reefs or rock armour.

Question 7: Describe the process of longshore drift and its impact on coastal landforms.

Answer: Longshore drift occurs when waves hit the coast at an angle, transporting sediments along the shoreline. This process can lead to the formation of features like spits and barrier beaches while also redistributing sediments.

Question 8: Explain how human activity can accelerate coastal erosion.

Answer: Human activities such as construction of sea defenses, removal of natural vegetation, and development of coastal areas can destabilize the coast, increase wave energy impact, and accelerate erosion.

Question 9: Draw a cross-section of a typical headland and bay, indicating the different types of rock and erosion features found in each.

Answer: A correct drawing shows alternating headlands and bays along a coastline. Headlands are composed of resistant rock, with features like caves and arches, while bays contain softer rock and are characterized by wider, flatter areas of deposition.