Question 1: Define the term 'natural hazard' and give two examples of physical hazards that can occur in the UK.

Answer: A natural hazard is a natural event that has the potential to cause damage or harm to people and property. Examples in the UK include flooding and coastal erosion.

Question 2: Describe how a volcanic eruption can impact the environment and local communities.

Answer: A volcanic eruption can cause destruction of land and ecosystems through lava flows and ash fall. It can also lead to loss of life, destruction of property, and disruption of transportation and communication for local communities.

Question 3: Explain the difference between a meteorological hazard and a geological hazard, providing one example of each.

Answer: A meteorological hazard is caused by weather conditions, such as storms or heavy rainfall. A geological hazard results from Earth's geological processes, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Example of meteorological: storm; example of geological: earthquake.

Question 4: Describe the process by which a tsunami is generated and how it can affect coastal areas.

Answer: A tsunami is generated when an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption causes a sudden displacement of water. As the wave travels towards the coast, it can grow in height and cause severe flooding, destruction of buildings, and loss of life in coastal areas.

Question 5: Sketch a simple diagram showing how a flood might occur in a river valley during heavy rain. Label the key features.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a river with rising water levels spilling over the banks onto the floodplain, with labels such as 'river', 'floodplain', 'bank', and 'source of heavy rain'.

Question 6: Identify and explain two reasons why urban areas are more vulnerable to hazards such as flooding or heatwaves.

Answer: Urban areas are more vulnerable because of high population density, which increases the number of people affected, and the prevalence of impermeable surfaces like concrete, which increase surface runoff and flooding risk.

Question 7: Describe what a hazard warning system is and how it helps to reduce the impact of hazards.

Answer: A hazard warning system detects and forecasts hazards, then alerts communities in advance. It helps reduce impact by providing early warnings, allowing people to evacuate or prepare, thereby saving lives and reducing damage.

Question 8: Sketch a cross-section of a volcanic mountain showing the main features, including the vent, crater, and lava flow. Label each part.

Answer: A correct sketch would depict a conical mountain with a vent at the summit, a crater at the top, and lava flowing down the sides. Labels should include 'vent', 'crater', and 'lava flow'.

Question 9: Explain how climate change might influence the frequency and intensity of certain natural hazards.

Answer: Climate change leads to increased global temperatures, which can cause more intense and frequent storms, heavy rainfall, and rising sea levels. These changes increase the likelihood and severity of hazards like floods, hurricanes, and coastal erosion.

Question 10: Discuss two strategies that communities can use to prepare for and reduce the impact of hazards such as earthquakes or tsunamis.

Answer: Communities can develop early warning systems and evacuation plans to ensure quick response. They can also build infrastructure designed to withstand hazards, such as earthquake-resistant buildings and sea walls to reduce tsunami impact.