Question 1: Describe the process of hydraulic action and explain how it contributes to coastal erosion.

Answer: Hydraulic action occurs when waves force air and water into cracks in the rock, causing the rock to break apart over time. It contributes to coastal erosion by gradually wearing away cliffs and other landforms.

Question 2: Identify and explain two different types of coastal erosion that can shape a coastline.

Answer: Two types are hydraulic action, where waves force air into cracks and widen them, and abrasion, where waves carry sediments that grind down rock surfaces. Both processes gradually erode the coastline.

Question 3: Explain what a wave-cut platform is and how it forms.

Answer: A wave-cut platform is a flat, rocky area found at the base of a cliff. It forms when waves erode the cliff face over time, causing the cliff to retreat and leaving behind a flat area.

Question 4: Describe the process of deposition and how it can lead to the formation of a spit.

Answer: Deposition occurs when the energy of the waves decreases, causing sediments to settle. A spit forms when sediments are deposited by longshore drift across a bay or estuary, creating a narrow ridge extending into the sea.

Question 5: Sketch a cross-section of a coastal cave, including the surrounding landforms. Label the key features.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a headland with an opening in the cliff (cave), with the cave extending into the rock. The landform should include the headland, the cave, and the surrounding sea. Labels should include 'headland', 'cave', and 'sea'.

Question 6: Explain how a stack is formed from a headland.

Answer: A stack forms when a crack in a headland enlarges to create a cave, which eventually erodes through the headland, leaving an isolated pillar of rock called a stack.

Question 7: Describe the difference between a bay and a headland.

Answer: A bay is a body of water partially enclosed by land with gently sloping sides, while a headland is a narrow piece of land that projects into the sea, often composed of resistant rock.

Question 8: Identify the main factors that influence the rate of coastal erosion.

Answer: Factors include the type of rock (resistant or soft), wave energy, the fetch (distance over which the wind blows), and the presence of protective features like groynes or sea walls.

Question 9: Describe the difference between constructive and destructive waves and how they affect coastlines.

Answer: Constructive waves are low and strong, depositing material and building up the coast. Destructive waves are high and powerful, eroding the coast by removing sediments.

Question 10: Explain how human activity can impact coastal landforms and processes.

Answer: Human activities such as building sea walls, groynes, and cliffs can prevent natural erosion and deposition, sometimes leading to increased erosion elsewhere or changes in natural landforms.