Question 1: Explain how wave erosion can lead to the formation of a cliff. Include the process involved and the type of wave that causes most erosion.

Answer: Wave erosion causes cliffs to form when powerful, destructive waves hit the base of a coastline, eroding the rock through hydraulic action and abrasion. Over time, this leads to the vertical face of the cliff. Destructive waves, which are high in energy and break forcefully, cause most erosion.

Question 2: Describe the process of longshore drift and explain its role in shaping beaches.

Answer: Longshore drift occurs when waves approach the shoreline at an angle, carrying sediment along the coast. This process moves material laterally, helping to deposit sand and form beaches over time.

Question 3: Identify and describe two landforms that can be created by wave erosion.

Answer: A wave-cut notch, which is a hollow formed at the base of a cliff by erosion, can lead to the collapse of the cliff face, creating a steep coastline. An arch is formed when waves erode through a headland, creating a hole that eventually widens into an arch.

Question 4: Discuss the differences between a headland and a bay in terms of erosion and deposition.

Answer: A headland is a point of resistant rock that erodes slowly, sticking out into the sea, while a bay is an area where softer rock erodes more quickly, forming a recess or cove. Erosion is stronger on the headland, and deposition occurs more in the bay.

Question 5: Sketch a simple diagram of a wave approaching the coast at an angle and illustrate the process of longshore drift. Label the key parts of your diagram.

Answer: A correct sketch would show waves approaching the shoreline at an angle, with arrows indicating the direction of sediment movement along the coast, illustrating the process of longshore drift. The diagram should include labels such as 'Wave approach', 'Sediment movement', and 'Beach deposit'.

Question 6: What is a spit, and how does it form? Describe the conditions necessary for its formation.

Answer: A spit is a narrow strip of land that extends from the coast into the sea, formed by the deposition of sediment carried by longshore drift. Conditions include a gentle shoreline, abundant sediment supply, and prevailing winds or waves that direct sediment movement.

Question 7: Explain the difference between a bay and a headland in terms of the type of rock and erosion rate.

Answer: A headland is composed of resistant rock that erodes slowly, forming a prominent point, while a bay consists of softer rock that erodes faster, creating a recessed area.

Question 8: Describe how human activity can impact coastal erosion and landforms.

Answer: Human activities such as building sea defenses, constructing harbors, and urban development can either protect coastlines from erosion or accelerate erosion in other areas by disrupting natural processes.

Question 9: Identify and describe two methods used to manage or prevent coastal erosion.

Answer: Hard engineering methods include constructing sea walls and groynes to prevent erosion. Soft engineering involves beach nourishment and managed retreat, allowing natural processes to occur while reducing erosion impact.

Question 10: Explain why coastal erosion is a concern for communities living near the coast.

Answer: Coastal erosion threatens property, infrastructure, and habitats. It can lead to loss of land, increased flooding, and economic impacts on tourism and fishing industries.