Question 1: Define the term 'glaciation' and explain its significance in shaping the Earth's landscape.

Answer: Glaciation refers to the process of ice sheets and glaciers forming and expanding, which significantly shapes landscapes by eroding, transporting, and depositing material. It is important because it creates distinctive landforms such as valleys, fjords, and moraines.

Question 2: Describe the formation of a U-shaped valley during a glaciation period.

Answer: A U-shaped valley forms when a glacier erodes a pre-existing river valley through processes like plucking and abrasion, widening and deepening it into a characteristic U-shape with steep sides and a flat floor.

Question 3: Identify and explain two landforms created by glacial deposition.

Answer: Two landforms created by glacial deposition are moraines, which are accumulations of debris left at the edges or terminus of a glacier, and drumlins, which are elongated hills formed under moving ice as the glacier deposits till.

Question 4: Explain the difference between an erratic and a moraine.

Answer: An erratic is a large rock transported and deposited by a glacier, often found far from its original location, whereas a moraine is an accumulation of glacial debris (till) deposited at the edges or terminus of a glacier.

Question 5: Describe the processes involved in glacial erosion that lead to the formation of fjords.

Answer: Fjords are formed when glaciers carve deep, narrow valleys with steep sides through processes like plucking and abrasion. After the glacier melts, sea levels rise, flooding these U-shaped valleys to form fjords.

Question 6: Sketch a simple cross-section of a typical glacial valley, indicating the main landforms and features.

Answer: A correct sketch should depict a U-shaped valley with steep sides, a flat floor, a hanging valley branching off, and possibly an adjacent ribbon lake or moraine at the valley's edge.

Question 7: Explain how a cirque is formed during the glaciation process.

Answer: A cirque forms when a glacier erodes a hollow or bowl-shaped depression on the side of a mountain through plucking and abrasion, often resulting in a steep-walled, armchair-shaped feature.

Question 8: Draw a diagram of a glacier showing the accumulation zone, ablation zone, and the movement of ice within the glacier. Label each part.

Answer: A correct diagram would show a glacier with the upper part labeled 'accumulation zone' where snow and ice build up, the lower part labeled 'ablation zone' where melting occurs, and arrows indicating the flow of ice from the accumulation to the ablation zone.

Question 9: Identify three ways glaciers contribute to landscape change during a glaciation period.

Answer: Glaciers erode landscapes through plucking and abrasion, transport large amounts of debris over long distances, and deposit materials as moraines and other landforms during retreat.

Question 10: Discuss the impact of climate change on glacial landscapes and future landform development.

Answer: Climate change leads to the melting and retreat of glaciers, reducing glacial landforms like moraines and fjords over time. This can result in rising sea levels, loss of freshwater sources, and changes in local ecosystems.