Question 1: Define the term 'glaciation' and briefly explain its significance in Earth's history.

Answer: Glaciation refers to the process of ice sheets and glaciers expanding over large areas of land during periods of colder climate, significantly shaping the Earth's landscape and climate history.

Question 2: Describe the typical features of a glacial valley and how it differs from a river valley.

Answer: A glacial valley is U-shaped with steep sides and a flat floor, formed by the erosive action of moving ice. In contrast, a river valley is V-shaped with a pointed profile, formed mainly by river erosion.

Question 3: Explain the formation of a cirque, including the conditions necessary for its development.

Answer: A cirque is an armchair-shaped hollow on the side of a mountain, formed by freeze-thaw weathering and the erosive action of a glacier, which excavates a bowl-shaped depression in the bedrock.

Question 4: Identify and describe two types of glacial depositional features.

Answer: Two types are moraines, which are accumulations of unconsolidated till left at the edges or terminus of a glacier, and drumlins, which are elongated hills formed by glacial action from compressed till.

Question 5: Describe the process of glacial erosion and list two landforms created by this process.

Answer: Glacial erosion occurs as moving ice grinds and scrapes against bedrock, carving out landforms. Two landforms are U-shaped valleys and fjords.

Question 6: Draw a cross-section of a typical glacial landscape showing the main features such as the ice sheet, lateral moraine, and the valley floor.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a large ice sheet occupying a U-shaped valley, with lateral moraines on either side of the valley edges, and a flat valley floor beneath the ice.

Question 7: Explain how a glacier contributes to both erosion and deposition in the landscape.

Answer: Glaciers erode the landscape through plucking and abrasion, carving out landforms, and deposit material as they melt, creating features like moraines and drumlins.

Question 8: Identify two climatic conditions that favor the formation and advance of glaciers.

Answer: Cold temperatures and high levels of snowfall are essential, as they allow snow to accumulate and compact into ice, enabling glacier growth.

Question 9: Sketch and label a simple diagram showing the process of ice accumulation and ablation on a glacier.

Answer: A correct diagram would depict snow accumulation at the upper part of the glacier, with arrows indicating movement downslope, and areas of melting (ablation) at the terminus.

Question 10: Discuss the impact of glaciation on current landscape features in the UK.

Answer: Glaciation has shaped features such as U-shaped valleys, corries, and ribbon lakes in regions like the Lake District and Scottish Highlands, influencing the area's physical landscape.