Question 1: Describe the main difference between a volcanic eruption and an earthquake in terms of their causes.

Answer: A volcanic eruption occurs when magma from beneath the Earth's crust erupts through a vent, often caused by the movement of tectonic plates. An earthquake results from the sudden release of energy due to the movement of tectonic plates along faults.

Question 2: Explain why coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to flooding during storm surges.

Answer: Coastal areas are vulnerable because storm surges cause sea levels to rise rapidly, flooding low-lying land and causing damage to properties and infrastructure.

Question 3: List three human activities that can increase the risk of landslides.

Answer: Deforestation, construction on steep slopes, and mining activities.

Question 4: Identify and describe one natural and one human factor that can trigger a wildfire.

Answer: A natural factor is lightning strikes, which can ignite dry vegetation. A human factor is unattended campfires or discarded cigarettes that can start fires.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of the Earth's layers, labeling the crust, mantle, and core. Use the blank space provided.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a concentric circle diagram with the outermost layer labeled 'Crust,' beneath it a thicker layer labeled 'Mantle,' and the innermost core labeled 'Core.' The layers should be proportioned appropriately.

Question 6: Explain how climate change can influence the frequency and intensity of natural hazards such as hurricanes or floods.

Answer: Climate change leads to higher global temperatures, which can increase the evaporation of water, resulting in more intense storms like hurricanes. It also causes sea levels to rise, making coastal flooding more severe and frequent.

Question 7: Describe two safety measures that communities can take to reduce the impact of earthquakes.

Answer: Implementing earthquake-resistant building designs and establishing early warning systems to alert residents before shaking occurs.

Question 8: Identify which hazard is most likely to occur in a volcanic region and explain why.

Answer: A volcanic eruption is most likely because the region is near active volcanoes, where magma is close to the surface and can erupt at any time.

Question 9: Describe the impact of tsunamis on coastal communities.

Answer: Tsunamis can cause massive flooding, destroy buildings and infrastructure, and result in loss of life. They also disrupt transportation and communication in affected areas.

Question 10: Sketch a simple diagram showing how a flood plain forms over time along a river. Use the blank space provided.

Answer: A correct sketch would depict a river with a gradually widening valley and the formation of a flood plain as the river erodes its banks during floods, depositing sediment and creating flat, fertile land.