Question 1: Define the term 'urbanisation' and explain one reason why it has increased rapidly in many countries over the past 50 years.

Answer: Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in cities. One reason for rapid urbanisation is rural-urban migration, where people move to cities seeking better job opportunities and living conditions.

Question 2: Describe two social problems that are often associated with rapidly growing urban areas.

Answer: Two social problems include overcrowding, which leads to inadequate housing and increased pressure on services, and increased crime rates due to higher population densities and social inequalities.

Question 3: Explain how traffic congestion can affect both the environment and the quality of life in a city.

Answer: Traffic congestion increases air pollution from vehicle emissions, contributing to environmental issues like smog and health problems. It also causes longer journey times, stress, and reduces overall quality of life for residents.

Question 4: Identify and describe one method cities use to reduce air pollution caused by vehicles.

Answer: Cities may introduce congestion charges, where drivers pay a fee to enter busy city centers, encouraging the use of public transport and reducing the number of vehicles on the road.

Question 5: Discuss one environmental problem caused by urban sprawl and how it can impact surrounding rural areas.

Answer: Urban sprawl can lead to loss of farmland and natural habitats as cities expand into rural areas. This can reduce local food production and disturb ecosystems surrounding the city.

Question 6: Draw a simple sketch to illustrate the concept of urban decentralization, showing a city with a central business district and two peripheral suburbs.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a central area labeled 'CBD' with two other areas positioned on either side, labeled as suburbs, connected by roads or transport routes, with some spread of residential and commercial zones outward from the center.

Question 7: Identify two measures a city might take to improve waste management and reduce pollution.

Answer: Cities can implement recycling programs to reduce landfill waste and establish waste collection services to ensure proper disposal, thereby reducing pollution.

Question 8: Explain why affordable housing is a challenge in many urban areas, and suggest one possible solution.

Answer: Affordable housing is a challenge because high land prices and demand drive up property costs. One solution is to develop government-subsidized housing or build high-density apartments to increase supply.

Question 9: Describe one way in which urban areas can become more sustainable and environmentally friendly.

Answer: Urban areas can promote green spaces like parks and green roofs, which help reduce air pollution, improve biodiversity, and provide recreation areas for residents.

Question 10: Identify and explain one challenge faced by informal settlements (slums) in cities.

Answer: A common challenge is poor access to clean water and sanitation, which can lead to health problems and the spread of disease among residents.