Question 1: Describe what a volcanic eruption is and explain two potential effects it can have on the surrounding environment.

Answer: A volcanic eruption occurs when magma from beneath the Earth's crust is expelled to the surface, often accompanied by ash, gases, and lava. Effects include destruction of nearby landscapes and property, and ash clouds that can affect air travel and respiratory health.

Question 2: Identify and explain two factors that increase the likelihood of a flood occurring in a particular area.

Answer: Factors include heavy rainfall, which adds large amounts of water to rivers and land, and poor drainage systems that prevent water from draining away quickly, leading to accumulation and flooding.

Question 3: Explain the difference between a tropical cyclone and a tornado in terms of their size, formation, and typical locations.

Answer: A tropical cyclone is a large, rotating storm that forms over warm ocean waters in tropical regions and can be hundreds of kilometers wide. A tornado is a smaller, intense column of rotating air that forms over land, usually during thunderstorms in temperate regions. Tropical cyclones develop from low-pressure systems over warm seas, while tornadoes form from severe thunderstorms with strong wind shear.

Question 4: Discuss two reasons why some areas are more prone to earthquakes than others.

Answer: Areas near active tectonic plate boundaries are more prone because of the movement and interaction of plates. Additionally, regions with fault lines that are known to be active have a higher risk of experiencing earthquakes.

Question 5: Draw a simple cross-section diagram of the Earth's crust showing a destructive plate boundary where two plates are moving towards each other. Label the plates and the feature where they meet.

Answer: A correct sketch would show two tectonic plates converging, with the boundary labeled as a 'destructive plate boundary' or 'convergent boundary'. The plates should be labeled, with one subducting beneath the other, and the crust thinning at the boundary.

Question 6: Identify two human activities that can increase the risk of landslides and explain how they do so.

Answer: Construction on steep slopes can destabilize the ground and trigger landslides. Deforestation removes tree roots that help hold soil in place, increasing the likelihood of soil movement during heavy rain.

Question 7: Describe how climate change may influence the frequency and severity of heatwaves.

Answer: Climate change leads to higher average global temperatures, which increases the likelihood of prolonged periods of intense heat, resulting in more frequent and severe heatwaves.

Question 8: Explain two strategies that communities can adopt to reduce the impact of tsunamis.

Answer: Communities can establish early warning systems to alert residents before the wave arrives. They can also develop and promote evacuation plans and safe zones away from the coast.

Question 9: Describe a method geographers might use to predict where a volcano is likely to erupt next.

Answer: Geographers can analyze seismic activity, gas emissions, ground deformation, and historical eruption patterns to identify signs of an impending eruption.

Question 10: Sketch a diagram showing the process of a river flood, including the river, the floodplain, and the point where the floodwater spreads over the land. Label all parts clearly.

Answer: A correct diagram would show a river overflowing its banks onto the surrounding floodplain, with the floodwater spreading out over the land. Labels should include 'river', 'floodplain', and 'floodwater'.