Question 1: Define the term 'hazard' in the context of physical geography.

Answer: A hazard is a natural event or process that has the potential to cause damage, injury, or loss to humans and the environment.

Question 2: Describe the main causes of volcanic eruptions.

Answer: Volcanic eruptions are caused by the movement of magma from beneath the Earth's crust to the surface, often due to tectonic plate movements such as subduction zones or divergent boundaries.

Question 3: Explain how heavy rainfall can lead to a landslide in a hilly area.

Answer: Heavy rainfall increases the weight of soil and rock on slopes, reduces soil cohesion through water saturation, and can trigger the failure of unstable slopes, resulting in a landslide.

Question 4: Identify three factors that can influence the severity of a tsunami.

Answer: Factors include the magnitude of the undersea earthquake, the depth at which the earthquake occurs, and the shape and topography of the coastline.

Question 5: Describe the process of how a hurricane forms over warm ocean waters.

Answer: A hurricane forms when warm, moist air over ocean waters rises, creating low pressure at the surface. As the warm air rises and cools, it releases energy, fueling the storm's growth. The Coriolis effect causes the storm to spin, developing into a hurricane under suitable conditions.

Question 6: Draw a simple cross-section diagram showing the formation of a volcanic cone. Label the magma chamber, vent, and crater.

Answer: A correct sketch would depict a volcano with a magma chamber beneath the surface, a vent through which magma erupts, and a crater at the top where eruption occurs.

Question 7: Explain two ways in which communities can prepare for earthquakes.

Answer: Communities can prepare by conducting regular earthquake drills and establishing early warning systems. Building structures to withstand tremors also reduces damage and injuries.

Question 8: Sketch a diagram showing the difference between a destructive and a constructive plate boundary. Label the key features.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a destructive boundary with an oceanic plate converging beneath a continental plate, forming a trench, and a constructive boundary with two plates moving apart, creating a gap where magma rises to form new crust.

Question 9: Discuss the impact of a major flood on urban areas.

Answer: Major floods can cause destruction of property, displacement of residents, disruption of transport and services, and increased risk of waterborne diseases.

Question 10: Identify and explain one human activity that can increase the risk of natural hazards.

Answer: Deforestation can increase the risk of landslides and flooding by removing vegetation that stabilizes soil and absorbs rainfall.