Question 1: Describe the process of snow compaction and how it leads to the formation of glacial ice.

Answer: Snow accumulates over time, and as new layers fall, the weight compresses the lower layers, reducing air pockets and transforming snow into dense glacial ice through compaction and re-crystallization.

Question 2: Explain the difference between a corrie and a pyramidal peak, including how each landform is formed by glacial activity.

Answer: A corrie is a bowl-shaped hollow formed by glacier erosion on the side of a mountain, created through freeze-thaw weathering and plucking. A pyramidal peak is a pointed mountain summit formed when three or more corries erode back towards each other, sharpening the peak.

Question 3: Identify and describe two different types of glacial erosional landforms.

Answer: U-shaped valleys, formed by the erosion of a glacier that deepens and widens a river valley, and arete, a sharp ridge created when two corries erode back towards each other.

Question 4: Explain how a glacier causes abrasion and plucking during its movement.

Answer: Abrasion occurs when the glacier's embedded rocks scrape and grind against the bedrock, smoothing and polishing the surface. Plucking happens when meltwater freezes in cracks in the bedrock, causing chunks to be pulled away as the glacier moves.

Question 5: Describe the formation of a ribbon lake and explain why it is typically found in a U-shaped valley.

Answer: A ribbon lake forms when a glacier erodes a depression in the valley floor, which then fills with meltwater after the glacier melts. It is found in a U-shaped valley because the glacier's erosion deepens the valley floor, creating a long, narrow lake.

Question 6: Sketch a diagram of a typical glacial landscape showing a corrie, a pyramidal peak, and a U-shaped valley. Label each feature.

Answer: A correct sketch would depict a bowl-shaped corrie with a small lake (tarn) inside, a pointed pyramidal peak adjacent to multiple corries, and a broad, deep U-shaped valley with steep sides. Label each feature clearly.

Question 7: Describe the climatic conditions necessary for glaciation to occur in a region.

Answer: Cold temperatures year-round, high snowfall accumulations exceeding melting rates, and a polar or high-altitude location are necessary conditions for glaciation.

Question 8: Explain the concept of glacial retreat and what processes contribute to it.

Answer: Glacial retreat occurs when the terminus of a glacier moves back uphill due to melting exceeding snowfall accumulation, caused by higher temperatures, reduced snowfall, or increased melting.

Question 9: Identify two landforms created by glacial deposition and describe how each is formed.

Answer: A moraine, which is a mass of debris deposited at the edges or terminus of a glacier, forms from material eroded, transported, and deposited by the glacier. An esker is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams flowing beneath or within the glacier.

Question 10: Draw a cross-section of a glacier showing the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation. Indicate which part is gaining mass and which is losing mass.

Answer: A correct drawing would show a horizontal cross-section with the upper part labeled 'zone of accumulation' (gaining mass) and the lower part labeled 'zone of ablation' (losing mass). The boundary between these zones is the equilibrium line.