Question 1: Describe the main features you might find along a rocky coastline.

Answer: Features include cliffs, wave-cut platforms, stacks, arches, and caves. Cliffs are steep faces formed by erosion, while wave-cut platforms are flat areas at the base of cliffs created by erosion over time.

Question 2: Explain how the process of hydraulic action contributes to the erosion of a coast.

Answer: Hydraulic action occurs when waves crash against the rocks, compressing air into cracks. The pressure from the air weakens the rock, causing pieces to break off and erosion to occur.

Question 3: Identify and describe two types of coastal erosion landforms.

Answer: Two landforms are a stack, which is an isolated column of rock formed by erosion of a headland, and a cave, which is formed when waves erode weak points in cliffs.

Question 4: Describe what a beach is and how it is formed.

Answer: A beach is a sandy or pebbly area along the coast formed by the deposition of materials carried by waves and currents.

Question 5: Explain the difference between constructive and destructive waves.

Answer: Constructive waves have a strong swash and a weak backwash, which build up the beach by depositing material. Destructive waves have a strong backwash and a weaker swash, eroding the coast and removing material.

Question 6: Draw a simple diagram of a headland and a bay, showing how they are formed along a coastline.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a headland as a protruding area of resistant rock extending into the sea, with a surrounding bay where softer rock has been eroded more easily. The coastline should curve inward at the bay and project outward at the headland.

Question 7: Describe what is meant by 'longshore drift' and how it affects coastlines.

Answer: Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along the coast caused by the angle of waves hitting the shoreline. It transports material sideways, shaping beaches and coastal landforms.

Question 8: Suggest two ways humans might try to protect a coastline from erosion.

Answer: Humans can build groynes to trap sediment and reduce erosion, or construct sea walls to absorb wave energy and protect the coast.