Question 1: Describe what a glacier is and explain how it forms.

Answer: A glacier is a large mass of ice that forms over many years from accumulated snowfall. It forms when snow compresses into ice due to pressure, and the accumulation exceeds melting.

Question 2: List three features that are commonly found on the surface of a glacier.

Answer: Three features are crevasses, seracs, and icefalls.

Question 3: Explain what a cirque is and how it is formed.

Answer: A cirque is a bowl-shaped hollow on the side of a mountain, formed by the erosion of a glacier carving into the mountain during the ice's movement.

Question 4: Identify and describe two ways glaciers shape the landscape.

Answer: Glaciers erode landscapes by plucking, where rocks are pulled from the ground, and abrasion, where rocks trapped in the ice grind against the bedrock, smoothing and polishing it.

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram of a glacier showing the accumulation zone, the zone of ablation, and the ice front. Label each part.

Answer: A correct sketch should depict a sloped glacier with the upper part labeled 'accumulation zone' where snow adds to the glacier, a middle zone labeled 'zone of ablation' where ice melts, and the terminus labeled 'ice front' or 'snout'.

Question 6: Describe what a U-shaped valley is and how it is formed by glaciation.

Answer: A U-shaped valley is a wide, flat-bottomed valley with steep sides, formed when a glacier erodes a valley through processes like plucking and abrasion, deepening and widening it.

Question 7: What is the difference between a glacier’s zone of accumulation and zone of ablation?

Answer: The zone of accumulation is where snow and ice build up, while the zone of ablation is where ice melts or sublimates, reducing the glacier's size.

Question 8: Name two types of glacial landforms created by deposition and briefly describe each.

Answer: Two landforms are moraines, which are accumulations of debris left at the edge or surface of a glacier, and drumlins, which are elongated hills formed by glacial reshaping of the landscape.

Question 9: Explain how a glacier can cause the formation of a fjord.

Answer: A glacier can carve out a deep U-shaped valley through erosion; when the glacier melts, sea water floods the valley, forming a fjord.

Question 10: Sketch a cross-section of a glacier, including the ice sheet, bedrock, and the valley it has carved. Label each part clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch should show a cross-section with a glacier flowing over bedrock, carving a valley beneath it. The ice sheet should be shown as a thick mass of ice, with the valley's sides steep and the bedrock visible beneath the ice.