Question 1: Define what a natural hazard is and give two examples related to the Earth's surface.

Answer: A natural hazard is a natural event that has the potential to cause damage or loss of life. Examples include earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Question 2: Describe the main cause of earthquakes and explain how they occur beneath the Earth's surface.

Answer: Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of rocks along a fault line due to tectonic plate movements. When stress builds up and exceeds the strength of rocks, it releases energy in the form of seismic waves.

Question 3: Explain how a tsunami is generated after an undersea earthquake.

Answer: A tsunami is generated when an undersea earthquake causes a large section of the seabed to suddenly uplift or subduct, displacing a significant amount of water, which then creates large waves that travel across the ocean.

Question 4: Sketch a simple diagram showing the structure of a volcano during an eruption. Label the main parts such as the magma chamber, vent, and crater.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a conical volcano with a central vent, a magma chamber beneath, and a crater at the top. Labels should clearly identify these parts.

Question 5: Describe how volcanic eruptions can affect the climate temporarily.

Answer: Volcanic eruptions can release ash and gases like sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, which can reflect sunlight and reduce global temperatures temporarily.

Question 6: Identify and explain two ways in which people can prepare for earthquakes in a city.

Answer: People can prepare by securing heavy furniture to walls to prevent injury and by having emergency kits with supplies such as water, food, and first aid. Building codes can also ensure structures are earthquake-resistant.

Question 7: Describe the differences between a primary hazard and a secondary hazard, providing an example of each.

Answer: A primary hazard is the initial event caused directly by a natural disaster, such as the shaking during an earthquake. A secondary hazard is a subsequent event caused by the primary hazard, such as a landslide triggered by an earthquake.

Question 8: Draw a cross-sectional diagram of a subduction zone, showing the oceanic and continental plates, and label the key features.

Answer: A correct sketch would show an oceanic plate converging beneath a continental plate, with a trench at the subduction point, and include labels for the trench, subducting plate, and mantle.

Question 9: Explain why some countries are more vulnerable to natural hazards than others.

Answer: Some countries are more vulnerable due to factors like poor infrastructure, high population density in hazard-prone areas, lack of early warning systems, and limited resources for preparedness and response.

Question 10: Identify and describe two steps communities can take to reduce the impact of a volcanic eruption.

Answer: Communities can establish evacuation plans and early warning systems, and create exclusion zones around volcanoes to minimize damage and loss of life.