Athens vs Sparta: Democracy and Oligarchy in Ancient Greece
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This worksheet explores the contrasting political systems of Athens and Sparta through historical interpretations. Students will analyze different perspectives on democracy and oligarchy, compare historian views, and evaluate which interpretation is more convincing.
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Athens vs Sparta: Democracy and Oligarchy in Ancient Greece
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Contrasting Historian Perspectives on Athens and Sparta
Historian A: Mary Beard – Political and Cultural Perspective
'Athens is often celebrated as the birthplace of democracy, where citizens actively participated in decision-making. However, this democracy was limited to free male citizens, excluding women, slaves, and foreigners. Athens' political system encouraged debate and innovation, fostering a vibrant cultural environment. Yet, critics argue that it also led to political instability and populism. Overall, Beard sees Athens' democracy as a pioneering but imperfect system that shaped modern political ideas.'
Historian B: Donald Kagan – Military and Social Perspective
'Sparta's oligarchic system was based on a rigid social structure and a focus on military strength. Power was concentrated among a small elite, and the system prioritized discipline and stability over political participation. Sparta's system suppressed dissent and discouraged debate, which contributed to its resilience but also its rigidity. Kagan views Sparta's government as effective for maintaining order and military dominance, but less open and innovative compared to Athens.'
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- Created
- 1/1/2026
- Updated
- 1/1/2026
- Type
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