Source A: Description of Athenian education

'Athenian boys were educated to become citizens, learning reading, writing, music, and philosophy. Their education emphasized participation in democracy and arts.' Provenance: Excerpt from an ancient historian's commentary, 5th century BC.

Source B: Description of Spartan education

'Spartan boys were trained to become soldiers from a young age, undergoing harsh physical training and learning discipline and obedience.' Provenance: Greek historian Xenophon, 4th century BC.

Source C: Athenian emphasis on arts and democracy

'Athenian education aimed to produce well-rounded citizens capable of participating in democratic life.' Provenance: Ancient political treatise, 4th century BC.

Source D: Spartan focus on military training

'Spartan education was designed to produce disciplined soldiers ready for war.' Provenance: Spartan historian Plutarch, 1st century AD.

Source E: Consequences for Athenian society

'Athenian education contributed to their achievements in arts, philosophy, and politics, shaping a society that valued debate and innovation.' Provenance: Modern analysis of ancient Athens.

Source F: Consequences for Spartan society

'Spartan education produced formidable soldiers and a society built on obedience and strength, but limited artistic and intellectual development.' Provenance: Modern historian’s summary, 20th century.