Source A: Excerpt from a historical account

'Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid Caliph, ruling from 786 to 809 AD. His reign is often regarded as the golden age of Baghdad, a city renowned for its wealth, learning, and culture. Baghdad, established as the capital of the Abbasid Empire, grew into a thriving metropolis with impressive architecture, bustling markets, and a vibrant intellectual scene.' Provenance: A modern history book summarizing Harun al-Rashid's reign.

Source B: Description of Baghdad’s cultural scene

'Under Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad became a beacon of learning. The city housed the Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom), where scholars translated texts from Greece, Persia, and India. Scientific discoveries, poetry, and philosophical debates flourished during this period.' Provenance: A historical article on Baghdad’s intellectual achievements.

Source C: Modern historian’s view

'Harun al-Rashid’s rule marked a golden age for Baghdad, with enduring cultural, scientific, and intellectual achievements. His leadership helped establish Baghdad as a major centre of the medieval world, influencing future generations.' Provenance: A modern history textbook.