Source A: Excerpt from a medieval historian

'By the early 10th century, Baghdad had established itself as a vital centre of trade, attracting merchants from across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Its strategic location, wealth, and cultural vibrancy made it the jewel of the Islamic world.' Provenance: Medieval historian, 10th century.

Source B: Excerpt from a trade historian

'Baghdad’s central position in the Islamic world, combined with the Caliphate’s support for trade, helped make it a bustling commercial centre. Its markets were filled with goods from China, India, Africa, and Europe.' Provenance: Modern historian specializing in trade history.

Source C: Medieval trade account

'The wealth generated from trade in Baghdad led to advances in sciences, arts, and education, attracting scholars and artists from across the world.' Provenance: Medieval scholar, 12th century.

Source D: Modern analysis

'The trade networks established by Baghdad in the 10th century laid the groundwork for future economic and cultural exchanges between East and West, influencing global history.' Provenance: Modern historical analysis.