Historian A: John Roberts – Military Strategy Perspective

"Historian John Roberts argues that William the Conqueror’s victory was primarily due to his superior tactical planning. Roberts emphasizes the importance of the feigned retreat, which William used effectively to lure the English forces into a vulnerable position. He also highlights the significance of the Norman cavalry and archers, which coordinated well to break the English shield wall. Roberts believes that William’s strategic use of terrain and his understanding of battlefield psychology were key factors that led to his decisive victory."

Historian B: Susan Williams – Social and Cultural Perspective

"Historian Susan Williams contends that the Battle of Hastings was less about military tactics and more about the social and cultural factors influencing the outcome. She suggests that Norman psychological warfare, including psychological intimidation and the use of symbols of Norman authority, played a critical role. Williams argues that the Norman conquest was as much a social revolution, with the Normans exploiting existing divisions among the English, as it was a battle of tactics. She emphasizes the importance of cultural superiority and psychological dominance in securing victory."