Source A: Summary of the Civil War

The Russian Civil War (1918-1922) was a conflict between the Red Army, supporting the Bolsheviks, and the White Army, made up of various anti-Bolshevik groups. The Reds aimed to establish a communist state, while the Whites wanted to restore the old order or establish a different government. The war was marked by brutal fighting, foreign intervention, and widespread chaos.

Historian View:

Historian John Reed argued that the Reds' discipline and unity were key factors in their victory, despite facing numerous challenges from different White factions and foreign powers.

Source B: Goals of the Reds and Whites

The Reds sought to create a socialist Russia based on Marxist principles, emphasizing workers' control and land redistribution. The Whites aimed to restore the monarchy or establish a liberal government, supporting the former ruling classes and foreign interests.

Source C: Strategies and Tactics

The Reds used effective propaganda, centralized leadership, and ruthless military tactics to consolidate control. The Whites, divided and lacking unified leadership, relied on traditional military methods but struggled to coordinate their efforts.

Questions:

1. Compare the main goals of the Reds and Whites during the Civil War. (3 marks)
2. Explain how the Reds' strategies contributed to their victory. (4 marks)
3. Analyse the role of foreign intervention in the Civil War. (5 marks)
4. Outline the impact of the Civil War on Russia’s future political development. (4 marks)
5. How did the leadership of the Reds differ from that of the Whites? (3 marks)
6. Write a short summary of why the Reds won the Civil War. (3 marks)
7. Discuss the challenges faced by the White armies. (4 marks)
8. Explain the significance of propaganda during the Civil War. (3 marks)
9. Compare the different factions within the White Army. (4 marks)
10. Outline the consequences of the Civil War for Russian society. (4 marks) **