The English Civil War was a series of conflicts between Royalists (supporters of King Charles I) and Parliamentarians (who challenged royal authority). After years of civil war, Charles I was captured, tried, and ultimately executed in 1649. This event marked a turning point in British history, ending the monarchy's absolute power for a time.

Source A: Excerpt from a contemporary account

'The trial of the King was unprecedented. His fate was decided after a series of debates, and he was condemned to death for treason.' Provenance: Eyewitness report in a 1649 pamphlet.

The following timeline outlines the major events from the start of the civil conflict to the execution of Charles I:

1642: The English Civil War begins as tensions between King Charles I and Parliament escalate.

1645: The Parliamentarians win the Battle of Naseby, turning the tide of the war.

1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots; negotiations for peace begin.

1647: Charles I is moved to Holmby House; tensions rise among Parliament and the King.

1648: The Second Civil War leads to more Royalist uprisings; Charles I escapes captivity temporarily.

1649: Charles I is put on trial for treason, found guilty, and sentenced to death.

January 30, 1649: The King is executed outside Whitehall.

Questions:

The execution of Charles I was a monumental event that challenged the idea of divine right and monarchy. It led to the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell and influenced ideas about government and constitutional rights.

Source B: View of a historian

'Charles I's execution symbolized a rejection of absolute monarchy and set a precedent for future debates on sovereignty and constitutional government.' Provenance: Modern historian's analysis.