Vocabulary Definitions:

Royalist: A supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War, who supported the monarchy.

Parliamentarian: A supporter of Parliament, opposed to the king, and often involved in the conflict.

Regicide: The act of killing a king; in this period, it refers to the execution of King Charles I.

Commonwealth: The period after the execution of Charles I when England was declared a republic under Cromwell.

Protectorate: The period when Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector, effectively governing England.

Covenant: A formal agreement or promise, often referring to the Solemn League and Covenant which united the Scots and Parliament.

Levellers: A political movement during the Civil War advocating for equality and democratic reforms.

Interregnum: The period between kings, from 1649 to 1660, when England was a republic.

Militia: A military force raised from civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency.

Crisis: A time of intense difficulty or danger; in this context, the period of civil war and upheaval.

Monarchy: A form of government with a monarch at the head, supported by Royalists.

Republic: A state without a monarch, established after the execution of Charles I.

Oligarchy: A small group of people having control of a country or organization, sometimes used to describe Cromwell's rule.

Concepts & Analytical Questions:

1. Explain the significance of Cromwell’s role during the English Civil War. (4 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "Cromwell's leadership in the New Model Army", "His role in defeating Royalist forces", "His influence on the outcome of the war", "His development as a key military and political figure" ], "model_answer": "Cromwell played a crucial role in the English Civil War as a military leader, particularly through his leadership of the New Model Army, which was instrumental in defeating Royalist forces and securing Parliament's victory. His military success laid the foundation for his later political power." }

2. Compare the views of Royalists and Parliamentarians on Cromwell’s actions during the civil conflict. (6 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "Royalists saw Cromwell as a usurper and a threat to the monarchy", "Parliamentarians viewed Cromwell as a hero and a defender of Parliament", "Royalists condemned his military tactics", "Parliamentarians praised his leadership and strategic skills", "Some saw him as a ruthless soldier", "Others appreciated his commitment to republican ideals" ], "model_answer": "Royalists viewed Cromwell as a dangerous revolutionary who undermined the monarchy, while Parliamentarians saw him as a key military leader who fought for parliamentary rights and ultimately helped establish a republic. Perspectives varied based on political allegiance and values." }

3. Outline the changes Cromwell implemented during his rule as Lord Protector. (4 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "Reformed the legal and administrative system", "Suppressed royalist uprisings", "Promoted Puritan moral laws", "Centralized power around himself", "Attempted to bring stability after the civil war" ], "model_answer": "As Lord Protector, Cromwell reformed laws, suppressed uprisings, promoted Puritan values through legislation, and centralized authority, aiming to stabilize England after years of civil conflict." }

4. Write a short paragraph explaining the significance of the Interregnum period. (3 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "It was the period between kings when England was a republic", "Marked a major shift from monarchy to republican government", "Cromwell's rule defined this era", "It challenged traditional ideas of monarchy and divine right" ], "model_answer": "The Interregnum was significant because it represented a break from monarchy, establishing a republic and challenging traditional royal authority, with Cromwell’s rule shaping the political landscape of England during this period." }

5. Analyse how Cromwell’s rule impacted the future of monarchy in England. (6 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "It led to the temporary abolition of the monarchy", "Set a precedent for republican ideas", "Influenced later debates about royal power", "Prepared ground for the eventual Restoration", "Showed that monarchy could be challenged", "His rule demonstrated the potential for military and political control by a single leader" ], "model_answer": "Cromwell's rule had a lasting impact by demonstrating that monarchy could be challenged and replaced, influencing future political ideas and setting the stage for the eventual restoration of the monarchy, while also highlighting the risks of centralized power." }

6. Compare the political ideas of Cromwell with those of the traditional monarchy. (6 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "Cromwell favored a republic and parliamentary sovereignty", "Monarchy emphasized divine right and hereditary rule", "Cromwell promoted religious reform and moral laws", "Monarchs often prioritized royal authority", "Cromwell believed in military discipline and republican governance", "Traditional monarchy viewed power as granted by divine right" ], "model_answer": "Cromwell supported a republican government based on parliamentary authority and religious reform, contrasting with the monarchy's emphasis on divine right and hereditary succession." }

7. Outline the main features of Cromwell’s rule as Lord Protector. (4 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "He held executive power as head of state", "He implemented religious reforms", "He dissolved Parliament at times", "He maintained a standing army", "He promoted Puritan values", "He governed with military discipline" ], "model_answer": "Cromwell's rule as Lord Protector was characterized by executive authority, religious reforms, military governance, and occasional dissolution of Parliament to maintain control." }

8. Write a brief conclusion on how Cromwell’s actions shaped the course of English history. (3 marks)

Marking: { "indicative_content": [ "Cromwell's military and political leadership transformed England", "He established a short-lived republic", "His rule influenced ideas about government and authority", "His actions paved the way for future political debates" ], "model_answer": "Cromwell's leadership significantly shaped English history by establishing a republic, influencing ideas about governance, and leaving a legacy of military and political change." }