The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830, during Andrew Jackson's presidency. It authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to territories west of the Mississippi River. The law aimed to open up land for white settlers and expand American territory.

Source A: Statement from President Jackson

'The removal of the tribes is necessary for the progress of our civilization and the safety of our citizens.' Provenance: Speech delivered by Andrew Jackson in 1830.

The main causes of the Indian Removal Act included the desire for land by American settlers, economic interests in land and resources, and Jackson’s belief in westward expansion. Native tribes’ land was increasingly sought after for farming, gold, and settlement.

Source B: Excerpt from a newspaper article, 1830

'The lands of the Native tribes are invaluable for our farmers and miners. Their removal will benefit the nation.'

The immediate consequence was the forced relocation of tribes, known as the Trail of Tears, which caused great suffering and loss of life. Long-term consequences included the loss of Native American land, culture, and sovereignty, as well as increased westward expansion.

Source C: Excerpt from a Native American account, 1838

'Our people suffered greatly during the removal. Many died on the journey, and our culture was forever changed.'

President Jackson was a key figure in the passage and enforcement of the Indian Removal Act. His belief in Manifest Destiny and westward expansion shaped his policies. Critics argue that his actions were unjust and caused suffering for Native Americans.

Source D: Historian's view, 2020

'Jackson’s aggressive policies toward Native Americans reflect a disregard for their rights and sovereignty, prioritizing expansion over justice.'