Essay Question: To what extent did attitudes towards Jewish communities change between the Medieval and Early Modern periods?

Introduction thesis: Outline the general view that attitudes towards Jewish communities varied over time, influenced by religious, economic, and social factors.

Point 1: The treatment of Jewish communities in the Medieval period Evidence: During the Medieval period, Jews faced widespread discrimination, expulsions, and violence, such as the expulsion from England in 1290 and outbreaks of violence like the massacres during the Crusades.

Point 2: Changes in attitudes during the Early Modern period Evidence: Although discrimination continued, there was some increased integration and economic roles, but also continued suspicion, exemplified by accusations like those of witchcraft and the restrictions placed on Jewish settlements.

Counter-argument: Some historians argue that attitudes did not significantly improve, citing persistent prejudice, restrictions, and outbreaks of violence, suggesting continuity rather than change.

Conclusion: Summarise how attitudes fluctuated, influenced by external pressures like religion and economics, but underlying prejudices remained consistent.