Historian A: Robert Service – Political and Ideological Perspective "Robert Service argues that Stalin’s rise was primarily driven by his political skill and mastery of party politics. He emphasizes Stalin’s ability to outmaneuver rivals like Trotsky and his strategic use of propaganda and violence. Service views Stalin as a pragmatic leader who capitalized on the chaos following Lenin’s death to consolidate power, portraying his rise as a result of political cunning and ruthless ambition. This perspective highlights Stalin’s manipulation of the Communist Party and the political environment to become the leader of the USSR."

Historian B: Sheila Fitzpatrick – Social and Cultural Perspective "Sheila Fitzpatrick suggests that Stalin’s rise was influenced heavily by social factors, including the support of the Soviet masses and the changing social landscape. She emphasizes the role of propaganda, the suppression of dissent, and the appeal of Stalin’s policies to ordinary workers and peasants. Fitzpatrick argues that Stalin’s ability to connect with the common people and manipulate societal fears and hopes was crucial to his consolidation of power, viewing his rise as a product of social and cultural dynamics rather than only political maneuvering."