In Shang Dynasty China, ancestors played a vital role in everyday life and governance. People believed that honoring ancestors could influence their fortunes and ensure prosperity. Ancestors were considered intermediaries between the living and the gods, and their veneration was central to religious practices and social hierarchy.

Source A: Excerpt from Shang archaeological findings

'The ritual vessels found in tombs indicate that ancestor worship involved elaborate ceremonies and offerings, reflecting their importance in Shang society.' Provenance: Archaeological report, 2010.

The importance of ancestors in Shang society can be attributed to various factors. These factors can be grouped into political, social, economic, and religious categories, each playing a role in shaping the society's values and practices.

Source B: Extract from Shang social hierarchy chart

'The king and high priests led ancestor rituals, highlighting their religious and political roles.' Provenance: Historical analysis, 2015.

Students will consider which factors were most important in shaping the significance of ancestors in Shang society. Use evidence from sources and your knowledge to justify your rankings.

Source C: Excerpt from a historian's analysis

'Religious beliefs about ancestors and the rituals performed were the most vital, as they directly involved spiritual communication and divine favor.' Provenance: Modern historian's book, 2018.

Consider how each factor contributed to the overall importance of ancestors. Think about the long-term effects on Shang society and culture.

Source D: Summary of Shang cultural values

'Ancestor worship was deeply embedded in Shang culture, influencing art, politics, and daily life.' Provenance: Cultural study, 2012.