Question 1: Define the term 'ionizing radiation' and explain why it can be dangerous to humans.

Answer: Ionizing radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave or particle that has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. It can be dangerous because it can damage or destroy cells and DNA, leading to health issues like cancer.

Question 2: Which types of electromagnetic waves are classified as ionizing? Select all that apply: X-rays, Radio waves, Gamma rays, Visible light.

Answer:

Question 3: Explain why ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be harmful to the skin.

Answer: UV radiation can damage skin cells and DNA, leading to sunburns, skin aging, and increasing the risk of skin cancer because it is a form of ionizing radiation that can cause cellular damage.

Question 4: Describe one safety precaution that should be taken when using X-ray machines in medical clinics.

Answer: Patients and staff should wear lead aprons and protective shields to minimize exposure to harmful X-ray radiation.

Question 5: Calculate the energy of a gamma ray photon with a frequency of 1.0 x 10^20 Hz. (Use Planck's constant, h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js).

Answer: E = h × frequency; E = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js × 1.0 x 10^20 Hz = 6.626 x 10^-14 Joules

Question 6: Identify which wave type is most commonly used in wireless communication devices such as cell phones and Wi-Fi routers.

Answer:

Question 7: List two potential health effects of prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Answer: Prolonged exposure to UV radiation can cause skin burns and increase the risk of skin cancer.

Question 8: Explain the safety precautions that should be taken when working with X-ray imaging in hospitals.

Answer: Safety precautions include wearing protective lead aprons and shields, limiting exposure time, maintaining a safe distance from the X-ray source, and ensuring proper shielding and warning signs are in place to prevent unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.

Question 9: Describe how gamma rays are used in industry or medicine and discuss the associated risks.

Answer: Gamma rays are used to sterilize medical equipment, treat cancer via radiation therapy, and detect structural flaws in materials. However, their high energy makes them dangerous; exposure can cause cellular damage and increase cancer risk. Proper shielding, safety protocols, and limited exposure times are essential to minimize health hazards.