Question 1: Define ionizing radiation and explain why it is considered dangerous to living tissues.

Answer: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. It is dangerous because it can damage or destroy living cells and DNA, leading to health issues such as cancer.

Question 2: List three types of electromagnetic radiation that are classified as ionizing and describe one potential health risk associated with each.

Answer: Gamma rays: can cause radiation sickness and increase cancer risk. X-rays: can damage DNA leading to mutations. Ultraviolet (UV) rays: can cause skin burns and increase skin cancer risk.

Question 3: Calculate the energy of a photon of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 300 nm. Use the formula E = hc/λ, where h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js, c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s, and λ in meters.

Answer: E = (6.626 x 10^-34 Js)(3.00 x 10^8 m/s) / (300 x 10^-9 m) = 6.626 x 10^-19 Joules

Question 4: Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest energy per photon? Choose from: A) Radio waves B) Infrared C) Ultraviolet D) Gamma rays.

Answer: Gamma rays

Question 5: Fill in the blank: The primary safety concern when working with X-rays is the risk of __________ damage to living tissues.

Answer: cellular

Question 6: Explain in brief why ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be harmful to the skin and eyes.

Answer: UV radiation can cause damage to skin cells and the DNA within them, leading to burns, premature aging, and increased risk of skin cancer. It can also harm the eyes, causing conditions like cataracts.

Question 7: Describe one safety measure that should be followed when using ultraviolet light in a laboratory setting.

Answer: Wearing protective UV-blocking goggles and clothing to prevent skin and eye exposure.

Question 8: Identify which types of electromagnetic radiation are used in medical imaging and discuss one safety consideration for their use.

Answer: X-rays and gamma rays are used in medical imaging. Safety considerations include limiting exposure time, using protective lead shields, and maintaining proper distance to reduce radiation dose.

Question 9: A certain device emits infrared radiation that heats objects. Discuss whether exposure to infrared radiation is dangerous and justify your answer.

Answer: Infrared radiation is generally not dangerous at low levels; it mainly causes heating. However, prolonged or intense exposure can cause burns or heat damage to tissues.

Question 10: Describe a practical safety precaution when working with microwave radiation in a laboratory or industrial setting.

Answer: Use shielding materials like metal enclosures and ensure proper safety protocols to prevent microwave exposure to personnel.