Question 1: Define non-renewable energy resources and explain why they are used in space exploration missions.

Answer: Non-renewable energy resources are energy sources that cannot be replenished within a human timescale, such as nuclear fuels and fossil fuels. They are used in space exploration because they provide high energy density and reliability for powering spacecraft and equipment where renewable options are impractical.

Question 2: Describe how nuclear fission is utilised as a non-renewable energy source in space probes.

Answer: Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy atomic nuclei, such as uranium-235, to release a large amount of energy. In space probes, radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) use the heat from radioactive decay to generate electricity, providing a long-lasting power source.

Question 3: Which non-renewable energy resource is most commonly used in spacecraft for long-duration missions? A) Fossil fuels B) Nuclear fuels C) Solar power D) Wind energy

Answer: Nuclear fuels

Question 4: Fill in the blank: A typical radioisotope used in space RTGs is ____________, which decays slowly and provides a steady heat source.

Answer: Plutonium-238

Question 1: A spacecraft's RTG uses 2.5 grams of Plutonium-238, which has a decay energy of 5.593×10^13 joules per kilogram. Calculate the total energy produced by this RTG during its decay. (Use the formula: Energy = mass × decay energy).

Answer: Energy = 0.0025 kg × 5.593×10^13 J/kg = 1.39825×10^11 joules

Question 2: If a space probe consumes 3×10^6 joules of energy per day, how many days can a single RTG (from previous question) power the spacecraft? Round to the nearest whole day.

Answer: Number of days = 1.39825×10^11 J / 3×10^6 J/day ≈ 46608 days

Question 1: Describe two safety precautions that must be taken when handling nuclear fuels for space applications.

Answer: Precautions include shielding to prevent radiation exposure, and secure containment to prevent leaks of radioactive material.

Question 2: Identify one major disadvantage of using non-renewable energy sources, such as nuclear fuels, in space missions.

Answer: Major disadvantages include radioactive waste management and potential environmental hazards if containment fails.

Question 3: Discuss how the use of non-renewable energy sources impacts the sustainability of space exploration.

Answer: Using non-renewable energy sources like nuclear fuels provides reliable and high energy output critical for long-duration missions. However, it raises concerns about radioactive waste disposal, environmental safety, and the finite nature of these resources, which could limit future exploration. Developing safer, more sustainable alternatives is essential for the long-term viability of space exploration.

Question 1: Explain why nuclear power is preferred over chemical fuels for powering deep-space missions.

Answer: Nuclear power provides a much higher energy density, longer operational life, and is more reliable in the vacuum of space, making it suitable for deep-space missions where solar power is insufficient.

Question 2: Identify one current space mission that uses nuclear energy and briefly describe its purpose.

Answer: The Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity Rover) uses a radioisotope thermoelectric generator to power its instruments and mobility systems during its mission on Mars.

Question 3: Evaluate the potential environmental risks associated with launching nuclear-powered spacecraft.

Answer: Potential risks include accidental release of radioactive material during launch or re-entry, contamination of Earth's environment, and long-term management of radioactive waste. Strict safety protocols and launch regulations are essential to mitigate these risks.