Question 1: Define conduction and describe the mechanism by which heat is transferred through a solid object.

Answer: Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid material by direct contact of particles, where energy is passed from vibrating particles to neighboring particles.

Question 2: What is convection, and in which states of matter does it primarily occur?

Answer: Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluid (liquid or gas) caused by temperature-induced density differences.

Question 3: Explain how radiation transfers heat and mention one example of this process in everyday life.

Answer: Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation; an example is the warmth felt from the Sun.

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate conduction using common household materials. Include the variables you would control and measure.

Answer: One experiment involves placing a metal spoon and a plastic spoon in hot water to compare heat transfer. Control variables include water temperature and exposure time; measure the temperature of each spoon after a set period.

Question 2: Identify three safety precautions when conducting heat transfer experiments involving hot objects or materials.

Answer: Use heat-resistant gloves, work in a well-ventilated area, and ensure hot objects are stable to prevent spills or burns.

Question 1: A metal rod is heated at one end and left in a room temperature environment. Over time, heat is observed to travel along the rod. Explain which heat transfer method is primarily responsible and justify your answer.

Answer: Conduction is primarily responsible because heat travels through the metal rod via particle vibration and energy transfer along its length.

Question 2: In an experiment, hot water rises in a container while cooler water sinks, creating a circulation pattern. Which heat transfer process does this illustrate, and why?

Answer: This illustrates convection, as the movement of the fluid caused by temperature differences results in heat transfer.

Question 1: Describe how radiation is utilized in solar water heaters. Include the principle involved.

Answer: Solar water heaters use solar panels that absorb infrared radiation from the Sun, converting it into heat to warm water without direct contact.

Question 2: Explain why metals are good conductors of heat and give two examples of metals used in heat transfer applications.

Answer: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons that transfer energy efficiently. Examples include copper and aluminum.

Question 1: A metal rod with a length of 2 meters and a cross-sectional area of 0.01 m² is heated, causing its temperature to rise by 50°C. If the thermal conductivity of the metal is 200 W/m·K, calculate the amount of heat transferred through the rod per second. (Use Fourier's Law: Q = kA(ΔT/Δx)).

Answer: Q = 200 W/m·K * 0.01 m² * (50°C / 2 m) = 200 * 0.01 * 25 = 50 Watts.