Question 1: Momentum is a measure of the quantity of motion an object has. It depends on the mass of the object and its velocity. The formula for momentum (p) is p = m × v, where m is mass in kilograms (kg) and v is velocity in metres per second (m/s).

Answer: Momentum (p) = mass (m) × velocity (v)

Question 1: Define momentum in your own words.

Answer: Momentum is the product of an object's mass and its velocity, representing how much motion it has.

Question 2: Explain why a heavier object in motion has more momentum than a lighter one moving at the same speed.

Answer: Because momentum depends on mass, a heavier object has more momentum than a lighter one at the same velocity, as p = m × v.

Question 1: A 1500 kg car is travelling at 20 m/s. Calculate its momentum.

Answer: p = 1500 kg × 20 m/s = 30,000 kg·m/s

Question 2: An object has a momentum of 600 kg·m/s and a mass of 20 kg. Find its velocity.

Answer: v = p / m = 600 kg·m/s ÷ 20 kg = 30 m/s

Question 3: A cyclist with a mass of 70 kg is moving at a velocity of 8 m/s. What is their momentum?

Answer: p = 70 kg × 8 m/s = 560 kg·m/s

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to measure the momentum of a moving object, including variables to control and safety precautions.

Answer: One experiment involves rolling a ball down a ramp and measuring its mass and velocity at the bottom. Variables to control include the ramp angle and surface friction. Safety precautions include ensuring the area is clear and wearing protective eyewear.

Question 1: A train of mass 2 × 10^6 kg travels at 30 m/s. It applies brakes and reduces its speed to 5 m/s in 20 seconds. Calculate the change in momentum during braking.

Answer: Initial p = 2 × 10^6 kg × 30 m/s = 6 × 10^7 kg·m/s Final p = 2 × 10^6 kg × 5 m/s = 1 × 10^7 kg·m/s Change in momentum = 6 × 10^7 - 1 × 10^7 = 5 × 10^7 kg·m/s

Question 2: Based on the change in momentum, explain what this indicates about the braking force applied to the train.

Answer: A large decrease in momentum indicates a strong braking force was applied over the 20 seconds to reduce the train’s speed.

Question 1: Explain how understanding momentum is important in designing car safety features such as airbags and seat belts.

Answer: Designers use momentum principles to ensure that when a collision occurs, the sudden change in momentum is managed safely, reducing injury through controlled deceleration.

Question 2: Describe a scenario in sports where momentum plays a crucial role in the outcome.

Answer: In football, a player running at high speed can transfer a large amount of momentum when kicking the ball, affecting the ball’s speed and direction, influencing the game's outcome.