Question 1: Define a scalar quantity and provide two examples relevant to forces.

Answer: A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction; examples include mass and temperature.

Question 2: Define a vector quantity and give two examples related to forces.

Answer: A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction; examples include force and velocity.

Question 1: Explain why force is considered a vector quantity rather than a scalar.

Answer: Force is considered a vector because it has both magnitude and direction, which affect how objects move.

Question 2: Identify the vector components of a force of 10 N acting at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.

Answer: Horizontal component: 10 N × cos(30°) ≈ 8.66 N; Vertical component: 10 N × sin(30°) = 5 N

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate the difference between scalar and vector quantities involving forces.

Answer: One possible experiment involves pulling an object with a force in different directions and measuring the resulting motion. Scalars like mass remain unchanged, while vectors like force influence the object's acceleration depending on their magnitude and direction. Using force sensors and measuring tools, students can compare how force vectors combine or cancel based on their directions.

Question 2: Identify three safety precautions to take during experiments involving forces and vectors.

Answer: Ensure the experiment area is clear of obstructions, wear appropriate safety gear such as gloves and goggles, and secure all equipment properly to prevent accidents.

Question 1: A force of 50 N acts on an object at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. The horizontal and vertical components are measured as 35.36 N and 35.36 N respectively. Explain how these components are determined and their significance.

Answer: The components are calculated using trigonometry: the horizontal component is 50 N × cos(45°) ≈ 35.36 N, and the vertical component is 50 N × sin(45°) ≈ 35.36 N. These components show how the force is distributed in different directions, affecting the object's motion separately along each axis.

Question 1: Discuss how the understanding of vectors is important in the design of modern transportation systems such as autonomous vehicles.

Answer: In autonomous vehicles, understanding vectors is essential for navigation, stabilisation, and collision avoidance. Vectors represent forces, velocities, and directions, allowing the vehicle's systems to calculate optimal paths, adjust for external forces like wind or slopes, and ensure safe operation based on vector summation and resolution techniques.