Question 1: Define a scalar quantity and provide two examples relevant to industrial chemistry.

Answer: A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction; examples include mass and temperature.

Question 2: Explain what distinguishes a vector from a scalar in the context of force measurement during chemical manufacturing.

Answer: A vector has both magnitude and direction, whereas a scalar has only magnitude. In chemical manufacturing, force vectors indicate both strength and direction of forces applied.

Question 1: A conveyor belt applies a force of 150 N in a specific direction to move chemicals along a production line. Calculate the work done if the belt moves the chemicals 20 meters in the direction of the force.

Answer: Work done = Force × Distance = 150 N × 20 m = 3000 Joules

Question 2: In an industrial mixer, a force vector of 50 N is applied at an angle of 30° above the horizontal to stir chemicals. Calculate the component of the force in the horizontal direction.

Answer: Horizontal component = 50 N × cos(30°) ≈ 50 N × 0.866 = 43.3 N

Question 1: Describe a safety precaution that must be taken when measuring the force applied during the handling of corrosive chemicals in an industrial setting.

Answer: Wearing appropriate protective gear such as gloves and goggles to prevent chemical contact and ensure safe handling.

Question 2: Identify two variables that could affect the measurement of force in an industrial chemical process and explain how they influence the measurement.

Answer: Variables include temperature, which can affect material properties and force sensors' accuracy, and vibration, which can cause fluctuations in force readings.

Question 1: In a chemical plant, a force of 200 N is used to push a container along a track. The force is applied at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. Describe how the effective force in the direction of movement can be calculated and its significance.

Answer: The effective force is found by multiplying the applied force by cos(45°), which gives approximately 141.4 N. This component determines how much of the applied force contributes to moving the container forward.

Question 1: Explain the importance of understanding forces and vectors in the design and operation of industrial chemical equipment. (6 marks)

Answer: Understanding forces and vectors is crucial for designing equipment that can withstand operational stresses and improve safety. Accurate force analysis ensures proper functioning of mixers, conveyors, and reactors, minimizing failures and optimizing efficiency in chemical production.

Question 1: Describe how the concept of vectors is used in the process of measuring and controlling the flow of chemicals in an industrial setting.

Answer: Vectors are used to represent the direction and magnitude of forces in pumps and pipelines, ensuring proper flow control. Accurate vector measurements help in balancing forces and maintaining safe, efficient chemical flow.