Question 1: Define a convex lens and describe how it bends light rays.

Answer: A convex lens is a converging lens that bends parallel light rays towards a focal point on the opposite side, causing them to converge.

Question 2: Explain the difference between a convex and a concave lens in terms of the way they bend light.

Answer: A convex lens converges light rays to a focal point, while a concave lens diverges light rays away from a focal point.

Question 3: What is the primary real-world application of convex lenses in nanotechnology?

Answer: Convex lenses are used in high-precision microscopes and imaging systems to focus and magnify nanoscale structures.

Question 1: A convex lens has a focal length of 0.15 meters. An object is placed 0.30 meters from the lens. Calculate the position of the image formed.

Answer: v = 0.10 meters (image forms on the opposite side of the lens, real and inverted)

Question 2: If the height of the object is 2 cm and the image height is 6 cm, what is the magnification? Is the image virtual or real?

Answer: Magnification = 3; image is virtual and upright.

Question 1: Describe a basic experimental setup to test the focusing ability of a convex lens in a nanotechnology lab, including the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: Setup involves a light source, the convex lens, a screen, and a nanoscale object or pattern. Variables include object distance, focal length, and light intensity. Safety precautions include wearing protective eyewear, handling lenses carefully to avoid scratches or breakage, and proper disposal of any chemicals used.

Question 1: A nanotechnology company uses a concave lens with a focal length of -0.20 meters to create magnified images of nanoscale particles. If an object is placed 0.10 meters from the lens, what is the image position? Is the image magnified or reduced?

Answer: Using lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u; 1/(-0.20) = 1/v - 1/0.10; solving gives v ≈ -0.0667 meters. The negative sign indicates a virtual, upright, magnified image.

Question 2: Explain how the properties of concave lenses make them suitable for use in nanoscopic imaging devices.

Answer: Concave lenses produce virtual, upright, and magnified images, which are essential for detailed imaging of nanoscale structures in nanotechnology.

Question 1: Describe how convex lenses are utilised in nanolithography to focus laser beams onto nanoscale surfaces.

Answer: Convex lenses in nanolithography focus high-intensity laser beams onto very small areas, enabling precise etching or deposition at the nanoscale. Their ability to converge light allows for high-resolution patterning essential in nanotechnology manufacturing.